Reforms in the Constitutional Reform Bill

Changes in the Constitutional Reform Bill Will the changes in the Constitutional Reform Bill accomplish the points set out in Lord Falconer’s proclamation of 26th January 2004? The Constitutional Reform Bill is the ill-conceived descendants of the bungled Cabinet reshuffle of June 2003 which prompted the rushed evacuation of Lord Irvine and the arrangement of Lord Falconer as Lord Chancellor with a command to annul himself! Its rule appendages are: The annulment of the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords and its substitution by another Supreme Court (isolating Legislature and Executive); The foundation of a Judicial Appointments Commission to accept the elements of the Lord Chancellor in the arrangement of judges (isolating Judiciary and Executive) The annulment of the post of Lord Chancellor (isolating Legislature, Executive and Judiciary). It is profoundly far fetched whether the proposed changes will accomplish Lord Falconer’s expressed points chiefly on the grounds that the planned changes are powerless to the conversational analysis, â€Å"If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!†. It must be conceded that the current job of the House of Lords in the legal procedure is an authentic inconsistency. The Judicial Committee is a definitive re-appraising court in the UK and Commonwealth yet it keeps on sitting in the Palace of Westminster. All the more disputably, its individuals stay an indispensable piece of the second authoritative chamber. This has prompted the clearly conceivable analysis that the course of action speaks to a break of the tenet of partition of forces and offers ascend to the populist analysis that the Law Lords are making laws which in their legal limit they will at that point need to decipher and authorize. In actuality, their Lordships have end up being circumspect in abstaining from banter where this is probably going to produce an irreconcilable circumstance between their legal and administrative jobs. The Government’s position is that finished partition among lawmakers and the legal executive is fundamental so as to keep up open trus t and it is tried to underscore this division by the movement of a definitive intrigue court to another and without a doubt stratospherically costly structure. This is expensive window dressing. No place in the current discussion is there any convincing proof of open uneasiness at a framework that has suffered without huge analysis of this sort for quite a long time. Further, Lord Woolf, the most senior appointed authority in England and Wales has censured the proposition as trading a five star last interests court for a below average incomparable court. The Supreme Court of the USA is praised as a good example however it is helpfully overlooked that the proposed UK Supreme Court would not have the intensity of its transoceanic cousin to strike down enactment and will in this way be dispossessed of a significant part of the impact of the last mentioned. Best case scenario a lot of cash will be spent in duplicating for every single down to earth reason the current set-up. A long way from underwriting the autonomy of the new court, Woolf fears that it will decrease the legal executive to â€Å"a division of the Home Office† because of getting liable through the Department of Constitutional Affairs. This change might be viewed as a result of the political authoritative opinion which directs the destroying no matter what of the antiquated structure and tasks of the House of Lords. The proposition to set up a Judicial Appointments Commission while not likewise politically propelled is similarly imperfect in its current structure. Customarily the Lord Chancellor is the leader of the legal executive and answerable for the arrangement and oversight of judges. In fact there has been analysis by the general population and, specifically, individuals from the lawful calling of the way toward designating High Court Judges with charges of â€Å"secret files† and an absence of straightforwardness in the enrollment procedure. It can't be denied that the Lord Chancellor (at the most recent upon arrangement) turns into a lifelong lawmaker with a seat in the Cabinet and consequently at the very heart of the legislature of the day. While this is clearly unsuitable, reactions of legal arrangements don't contain charges that they are driven by party political contemplations. This is as an unmistakable difference to the situation in the USA where arrangements to the Supre me Court are in the endowment of the President and there is serious enthusiasm for and examination of the political creation of the court. In a talk to the UCL Constitution Unit in November 2003, the Chairman of the Bar of England and Wales, Matthias Kelly, QC, communicated worry at the proposed operational structure of the Commission. He contended that it ought to be â€Å"a non-departmental open body with a supporting agency† responsible to Parliament for its exercises yet not explicitly responsible for the determination of specific people. There is a risk that investigation of the exercises of the Commission may get much the same as ignoble American-style affirmation hearings. The DCA Consultation Paper, Constitutional change: another method of naming adjudicators, (July 2003) proposes that â€Å"the Commission ought to be a suggesting Commission, setting up a short-rundown of contender for arrangement to the Secretary of State†. It is difficult to see how the inclu sion thusly of the Department of Constitutional Affairs would mitigate the alleged open worry at political association in the legal arrangement process. Each conversation of partition of forces in the UK constitution (Legislature, Judiciary and Executive) features the atypical situation of the Lord Chancellor who (with astounding physiological creativity!) keeps up a foot in every one of the three camps. It must be surrendered that given the severe preclusion of judges holding party political affiliations, seeing an individual from the administration of the day apportioning equity in a definitive re-appraising court is incoherent. This is a significant motivation behind why it was proposed to supplant the Lord Chancellor with a Secretary of State for Constitutional undertakings and expel him from the House of Lords and, specifically, its legal capacity. Be that as it may, again the need for this is faulty. Indeed, even Lord Hailsham a completely political creature seemed to oversee fitting separation from the political objectives of the day when giving judgment in the House of Lords. It presently appears that we are to hold a Lord Ch ancellor however that he need not be a Law Lord or even a legal advisor. Enter a restored previous Home Secretary maybe? List of sources BBC News, Lords Inflict Supreme Court Blow, 9 March 2004, www.news.bbc.co.uk BBC News, Q A: Supreme Court Row, 9 March 2004, www.news.bbc.co.uk Protected Reform Bill, www.publications.parliament.uk DCA, Constitutional Reform: another method of selecting judges, July 2003 Elliott, C. Quinn, F., English Legal System, (fourth Ed., 2002) Kelly, M., QC, Where are we heading with Constitutional Reform?, Lecture to UCL Constitution Unit, 18 November 2003 The Guardian, Q A: the protected change charge, 8 March 2004 www.dca.gov.uk www.gnn.gov.uk 1

Use this outline Essay Example For Students

Utilize this blueprint Essay At the point when you are done, transfer your finished Word report with the goal that it very well may be checked. I. Recorded Context Cultural Influences A. The Monarchy and the Church (p. 287-88) Writers discovered their destiny and impact because of political movements. Journalists like Sir Thomas More were killed in light of the fact that their perspectives didn't line up with the current ruler. In 1485 Henry Tudor wedded his child to Catherine of Spain for union, he passed on yet his sibling at that point wedded her. During protestant renewal Henry Vics individuals lost control with the congregation, and German priest Martin Luther stood up (95 theories). B. The Elizabethan Era (p. 288) Elizabeth l, end up being incredible ruler. Sent Sir Francis Drake across globe, and Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to place settlement in Virginia. Most prominent accomplishment is vanquishing the Spanish Armada. C. The Rise of the Stuart and The Defeat of the Monarchy (p. 289) After death of Elizabeth, James I took seat (Scotland). This maddened Catholics after his help of Church of England. Charles I took over in 1625 and relations with Puritans declined, likewise after he excused Parliament. This put England into common war. Oliver Cromwell and puritans crushed Royalists. Puritans made a ward. Enormous set back. When Charles II returned from outcast to accept the seat rebuilding started. D. The Renaissance (p. 290) spread all through Europe. Life on Earth started to hold more vitality and enthusiasm than contemplations of the great beyond and religion. A renaissance man was a balanced man who did as well as could be expected with their gifts. This was the hour of Shakespeare, Galileo, and other innovative individuals who designed and created things to develop emulate period. For example, compass, print machine, and things like that. Individuals started to investigate life on earth and started to address numerous significant things. Theater was colossal during this time, and King James Bible was made. The timeframe finished up 1660 II. Renaissance Literature A. Peaceful Poems and Sonnets (p. 291) Energy got energetic in writing. Sir Phillip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmond Spencer all set forth extraordinary writing. A peaceful sonnet is one that speaks to an admired way of shepherd life. Writing of Nature additionally rose intensely. B. Shakespearean Drama (up. 2-93) Shakespeare contributed such a great amount to show and writing during timespan. Riddle, enchanted and profound quality plays grew significantly. Intervals and Latin and Greek shows. He contributed tragedys and Comedies that right up 'til the present time are renowned. Additionally parodies. His plays showed numerous occasions and stories from the beginning of time C. The Rise of Humani sm (up. 294-95)

4 Challenges Every Growing SaaS Business Will Face - Focus

4 Challenges Every Growing SaaS Business Will Face - Focus It’s been eleven years since Till and I founded MeisterLabs and since launching, we’ve come up against our fair share of hurdles.  Fortunately, we’ve weathered each storm and at every plateau discovered new ways to breathe life into the business and our approach to it. The common denominator at each of these crossroads was our choice to invest in growth. I doubt that we’re unique in that sense. In my experience, every new business faces comparable challenges, the solutions to which are, in one way or another, to always continue growing.   Over the past decade, I’ve witnessed the development of multiple versions of myself as an entrepreneur, as well as our company, MeisterLabs, where we developed our first SaaS product,  MindMeister.   So I want to share these moments of evolution and how we weathered them. Maybe our experiences my experiences will help future SaaS entrepreneurs navigate these same transitions more smoothly. Evolution 1: You won’t always be flavor of the month One of the best things about launching a new startup is the free media attention you get. My co-founder and I got the most recognition by far when we first launched â€" innovation awards, people talking about us, etc. We assumed this is how it would always be. The first version of MindMeister  released 2007 on private beta. Eventually, though, everyone who’s going to write about you has already written about you. The press attention slows down and you’re no longer the hot young company of the year. This can be jarring for founders, but it’s not all bad news. The upshot is, once you’re no longer the flavor of the week, it forces you to really start to invest in creativity and attention-grabbing work. You’ve now got a moment to lean in and commit to growth. It’s best if you learn early on that when your hotshot supernova phase begins to fade, growth is a remedy for many of the challenges you’ll face. Evolution 2: Your staff won’t always be a bunch of single 20-somethings There was a time when pretty much everyone at our company was between 22 and 28. Most people were single (if not, well, there weren’t kids around) and we spent our free time together hanging out at pub quizzes and over the weekend. This type of setup has been part of startup mythology since The Social Network â€" a work hard, play hard group of young people creating the next big thing. It can be a fun and productive way to work, but even if your team starts out fitting this startup stereotype, it won’t always be that way. Team members get married and family inevitably takes center stage in their lives. Before you know it, 6 PM Friday drinks in the kitchen become  booking happy hour into your calendar three weeks in advance. You might sometimes miss the early days, but this evolution is both inevitable and good. Your team members are growing and, hopefully, your company is growing with them.   It’s still possible to preserve some of that youthful energy and excitement, however. Ensure that there’s always an influx of new blood by hiring some firecrackers who will re-infuse the company with a fresh dose of excitement and impatience provided it also seems like theyll be good at their job.   For the veteran team members that do stick with you, ten years in a company can create moments where motivation is flat and inertia takes over. Work through these flat periods by giving employees the freedom to build their skills in new parts of the company while developing professionally. These senior team members that know your tools inside and out can be priceless, so you’ll need to work out ways to keep them engaged and on board. Evolution 3: The coast can kill you Sometimes when an entrepreneur has a booming startup, they think they’ll be able to coast, to pull back on effort, take a bit more revenue out of the company, or even buy a vacation home in the Caribbean, if they’ve been particularly successful.  For instance, I was traveling a few months back and talking with other entrepreneurs. One guy had been with a company for seven years. It was so successful that the founder was now nowhere to be seen â€" always jetting off to a new destination. We went in the complete opposite direction. Our original product was successful and growing and we felt as though we had pushed the creativity as far as possible. Instead of bailing, we doubled down and launched another product,  MeisterTask. This second product breathed new life into us as founders, as well as the company as a whole. Developing a new product also inspired us to think about new avenues for our first product, MindMeister. Our second product: task management solution, MeisterTask Here again, even though we had one successful product, growth was the secret sauce that kept MeisterLabs fresh and moving forward. By developing a new project, we not only managed to stay sharp, but we also like to think it kept our top talent engaged.   Evolution 4: Competition exists (and it may speed by you) There are now over 1.5 million tech startups in Europe alone. This inevitably means some entrepreneurs are going to have genius ideas and move at warp speed â€" faster, sometimes, than you. I know some young guys that launched a startup right out of university. Of course, doing this doesn’t always take you where you hope it will, but these guys got it right, and at the right time. The company is growing rapidly and the founder is loving life in the limelight. They went soaring past us in terms of users and revenue a while ago and although the tool isn’t a competitor of ours, once upon a time that would have bothered me. When we first started, I’d see competitors’ sites and start running nightmare scenarios: “These guys have thought of everything we missed! What’s going to happen to our market share?” This can be depressing  if you allow it to be.       But these days, I’m used to competition. It’s a valuable skill to cultivate. And as we say in German â€"  at the end of the day, we all cook with water. The healthiest way to see competition is as an inspiration to improve your own tool. If the common theme running through these four key stages of our company’s evolution isn’t yet obvious, let me say it plainly â€" growth is the solution to many of the obstacles standing in the way of building a successful SaaS company. Startups are like sharks: if they stop moving, they die. That’s why, even after nearly twelve years, my co-founder Till and I have plans in our books and tricks up our sleeves to continue growing our business and providing new ways for teams to improve their productivity. We’ve learned that evolution, while sometimes difficult, is the only way for a company to continue to thrive. If you liked this article, you might also enjoy: Slave to the Ribbon: 4 Tough Questions in Software Design How 7 SaaS Founders Discovered Product Market Fit Beautiful Task ManagementGet Productive Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask 4 Challenges Every Growing SaaS Business Will Face - Focus It’s been eleven years since Till and I founded MeisterLabs and since launching, we’ve come up against our fair share of hurdles.  Fortunately, we’ve weathered each storm and at every plateau discovered new ways to breathe life into the business and our approach to it. The common denominator at each of these crossroads was our choice to invest in growth. I doubt that we’re unique in that sense. In my experience, every new business faces comparable challenges, the solutions to which are, in one way or another, to always continue growing.   Over the past decade, I’ve witnessed the development of multiple versions of myself as an entrepreneur, as well as our company, MeisterLabs, where we developed our first SaaS product,  MindMeister.   So I want to share these moments of evolution and how we weathered them. Maybe our experiences my experiences will help future SaaS entrepreneurs navigate these same transitions more smoothly. Evolution 1: You won’t always be flavor of the month One of the best things about launching a new startup is the free media attention you get. My co-founder and I got the most recognition by far when we first launched â€" innovation awards, people talking about us, etc. We assumed this is how it would always be. The first version of MindMeister  released 2007 on private beta. Eventually, though, everyone who’s going to write about you has already written about you. The press attention slows down and you’re no longer the hot young company of the year. This can be jarring for founders, but it’s not all bad news. The upshot is, once you’re no longer the flavor of the week, it forces you to really start to invest in creativity and attention-grabbing work. You’ve now got a moment to lean in and commit to growth. It’s best if you learn early on that when your hotshot supernova phase begins to fade, growth is a remedy for many of the challenges you’ll face. Evolution 2: Your staff won’t always be a bunch of single 20-somethings There was a time when pretty much everyone at our company was between 22 and 28. Most people were single (if not, well, there weren’t kids around) and we spent our free time together hanging out at pub quizzes and over the weekend. This type of setup has been part of startup mythology since The Social Network â€" a work hard, play hard group of young people creating the next big thing. It can be a fun and productive way to work, but even if your team starts out fitting this startup stereotype, it won’t always be that way. Team members get married and family inevitably takes center stage in their lives. Before you know it, 6 PM Friday drinks in the kitchen become  booking happy hour into your calendar three weeks in advance. You might sometimes miss the early days, but this evolution is both inevitable and good. Your team members are growing and, hopefully, your company is growing with them.   It’s still possible to preserve some of that youthful energy and excitement, however. Ensure that there’s always an influx of new blood by hiring some firecrackers who will re-infuse the company with a fresh dose of excitement and impatience provided it also seems like theyll be good at their job.   For the veteran team members that do stick with you, ten years in a company can create moments where motivation is flat and inertia takes over. Work through these flat periods by giving employees the freedom to build their skills in new parts of the company while developing professionally. These senior team members that know your tools inside and out can be priceless, so you’ll need to work out ways to keep them engaged and on board. Evolution 3: The coast can kill you Sometimes when an entrepreneur has a booming startup, they think they’ll be able to coast, to pull back on effort, take a bit more revenue out of the company, or even buy a vacation home in the Caribbean, if they’ve been particularly successful.  For instance, I was traveling a few months back and talking with other entrepreneurs. One guy had been with a company for seven years. It was so successful that the founder was now nowhere to be seen â€" always jetting off to a new destination. We went in the complete opposite direction. Our original product was successful and growing and we felt as though we had pushed the creativity as far as possible. Instead of bailing, we doubled down and launched another product,  MeisterTask. This second product breathed new life into us as founders, as well as the company as a whole. Developing a new product also inspired us to think about new avenues for our first product, MindMeister. Our second product: task management solution, MeisterTask Here again, even though we had one successful product, growth was the secret sauce that kept MeisterLabs fresh and moving forward. By developing a new project, we not only managed to stay sharp, but we also like to think it kept our top talent engaged.   Evolution 4: Competition exists (and it may speed by you) There are now over 1.5 million tech startups in Europe alone. This inevitably means some entrepreneurs are going to have genius ideas and move at warp speed â€" faster, sometimes, than you. I know some young guys that launched a startup right out of university. Of course, doing this doesn’t always take you where you hope it will, but these guys got it right, and at the right time. The company is growing rapidly and the founder is loving life in the limelight. They went soaring past us in terms of users and revenue a while ago and although the tool isn’t a competitor of ours, once upon a time that would have bothered me. When we first started, I’d see competitors’ sites and start running nightmare scenarios: “These guys have thought of everything we missed! What’s going to happen to our market share?” This can be depressing  if you allow it to be.       But these days, I’m used to competition. It’s a valuable skill to cultivate. And as we say in German â€"  at the end of the day, we all cook with water. The healthiest way to see competition is as an inspiration to improve your own tool. If the common theme running through these four key stages of our company’s evolution isn’t yet obvious, let me say it plainly â€" growth is the solution to many of the obstacles standing in the way of building a successful SaaS company. Startups are like sharks: if they stop moving, they die. That’s why, even after nearly twelve years, my co-founder Till and I have plans in our books and tricks up our sleeves to continue growing our business and providing new ways for teams to improve their productivity. We’ve learned that evolution, while sometimes difficult, is the only way for a company to continue to thrive. If you liked this article, you might also enjoy: Slave to the Ribbon: 4 Tough Questions in Software Design How 7 SaaS Founders Discovered Product Market Fit Beautiful Task ManagementGet Productive Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask

How Volcanoes Influence Climate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 531 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Environment Essay Level High school Topics: Volcano Essay Did you like this example? Volcanic eruptions both cool and heat the earth. When a volcano erupts, dust, ash, and sulfur are released into the atmosphere. Depending on how light the particles are, some will travel to the stratosphere while larger ones will fall to the earths surface. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Volcanoes Influence Climate" essay for you Create order Small particles of dust and ash that remain in the stratosphere block the solar radiation hitting the earth, causing the planet to cool (How Volcanoes Influence Climate, 2018). Due to the circulation pattern in the stratosphere, dust and ash can travel worldwide to locations far from which they erupted. This can last from month to years, depending on how big the particles are. Sulfur is also ejected into the atmosphere after volcanic eruptions. Sulfur travels to the stratosphere, where it merges with water. Once sulfur and water fuse, sulfuric acid aerosols form and create tiny droplets that reflect solar radiation, cooling the earth even more (How Volcanoes Influence Climate, 2018). In contrast, volcanic eruptions can warm the earth by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide, a gas that plays a major role in the greenhouse effect. These greenhouse gases play a role as an insulator, preventing large quantities of the warm gases to leave the earth. Volcanic eruptions generate 110 mi llion tons of carbon dioxide every year (How do volcanoes affect world climate?, 2005). The Tambora volcano eruption in 1815 in Indonesia shot volcanic columns up to 80,000 feet high, making it the largest eruption in world history. The volcano showed its immediate effects when the hot lava and pyroclastic flow killed 10,000 people (Ames, 2017). The volcano affected the climate, making it known as the year without summer. The Tambora volcano released so much ash and aerosol into the atmosphere that the sky became a darker color and blocked solar radiation from hitting the earth. The particles were so small that they were able to circulate through the stratosphere to other parts of the world. The planets temperature dropped 3 degrees celcius (How Volcanoes Influence Climate, 2018). As said before, volcanic eruptions generate 110 million tons of carbon dioxide every year. Humans release 10,000 times more carbon dioxide than volcanoes (How do volcanoes affect world climate?, 2005). Man-made anthropogenic processes are more significant to climate change. Climate drivers such as volcanic eruptions and heat trapping in the atmosphere are natural causes we cannot curtail. Human causes, such as vehicles, factories, and many other things human-operated, burn fossil fuels that travel into the stratosphere. In addition, humans are the ones to cut down the plants that absorb the carbon dioxide. Scientists are able to tell that humans play a large role in global warming because they are able to distinguish carbon dioxide derived from fossil fuels and carbon dioxide derived from natural resources by the concentration of atoms (How Do We Know That Humans Are the Major Cause of Global Warming?, 2017). Over the past hundreds of years, scientists noticed an increase in carbon dioxide level derived from fossil fuels and an increase in global temperature from year to year (How Do We Know That Humans Are the Major Cause of Global Warming?, 2017). There are almost 8 billion people in the world that burn fossil fuels everyday, making humans the main cause of global warming and climate change on planet earth.

The Development of Civilization Essay - 2264 Words

The Development of Civilization Our civilizations are merely a wrinkle in time. Billions of years ago, during the Paleolithic Culture people had only knowledge for basic survival. The Stone Age was a time for hunting and gathering, building tools, and making fire. As the human race evolved, so did the culture. This is when the Neolithic Culture was born. People started taking control. Farms sprang up and sedentary villages began to take form. Amazingly, not too far from these progressing cultures grew civilizations. When one wants to look at the true heart of a civilization, they must first understand the civilization’s beliefs, moral standards, social interaction, attitudes, values and social consciousness. Without a sincere†¦show more content†¦The Athenians were superbly educated in the arts and sciences, and trained to be extremely productive in times of war and peace. When looking at their educational and philosophical output it is simple to see that the Athenian people valued their futures. Without educational programs for the Athenian youths, Athena would have lost their civilization long before it initially peaked. Undoubtedly, Athenian people had a productive social consciousness, and realized that education and knowledge was quite important. They knew that the future of their city-state depended on the â€Å"smarts† of the people in it. Social awareness was not usually number one to people back then. Normally, city-states were concerned with war and gaining land. While the gross majority of Greece were fighting and stealing, Athenians were busily figuring out the philosophy of life. Clearly, the Athenians were socially aware of what was going on in their lives, through education and philosophy. The Spartans on the other hand were more concerned with being brute and strong against their enemies. A typical Spartan soldier would have to endure unbelievable pain and hardship to become a respected Spartan and citizen. Their moral standards must have influenced them to exploit their respect toward physical pain and suffering. Many historians believe Spartans were cunning, lying cheaters. There were evenShow MoreRelatedTechnology: The Development of Civilization1040 Words   |  4 PagesAs long as there have been people in this world, technology and science have existed. Technology is a powerful force which helped in the development of civilization and is a part of our system of culture that reflects its values. 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Black Swan, Cinema Paper Free Essays

Sarah Risner Dr. Foley Cinema 19 November 2012 Black Swan â€Å"Black Swan† is a movie with a dark transformation of Nina the white swan metamorphosing herself into the black swan, with symbolism and psychosis playing well within the movie. Most of this movie plays into the world the ballerina, and exposes some of the hidden motives of this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Swan, Cinema Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other world this movie plays into is the world of someone with psychosis, and the mysteries that follow between both worlds. It seems the ballerina world feeds into the patient with psychosis and feeds the mental illness. After one watches this movie they will be horrified and troubled at the same time. The character of Nina will leave one trying to figure out the mysteries of Nina’s life. It actually leaves the audience with more questions than answers after watching the movie. The questions are what give the movie great success. The setting of â€Å"Black Swan† takes place in New York at a ballerina studio where Nina and Lily are preparing for the production of Swan Lake. The plot of the movie is about Nina and her obsession with dance. Her mother is a former ballerina and is very controlling of her daughter. The dance director by the name of Thomas Leroy decides to replace the character Beth with Nina for the new season of Swan Lake. Nina is his choice, but he also has eyes for the character Lily. Nina feels competition between herself and Lily. Nina has an obsessive view between herself and Lily. This part is complicated because it means the character has to play both the white swan and the black swan. The white swan requires the ballerina to play a part of purity and elegance. The black swan part requires the ballerina to play a part of cunning and sexuality. Nina will go to the dark side of this character and it will drive her insane. Lily and Nina form a candid friendship which seems to be insane itself. The conflict of this movie is the inner struggle of Nina with her own personality waging war against itself. The character change of this movie is with the main character of Nina. Nina starts out innocent and ends up exploring her dark side in order to turn herself into the character of the black swan. Some universal symbolism found in this movie is the use of the character Lily as Nina’s doppelganger. The symbol is of course is the twin/double identity of Nina’s self. This embodies Nina’s good/evil sides of herself. Mirrors are used in the film to show Nina splitting into two different personalities. The cultural symbolism in this movie is seen in black and white symbolism. Black of course shows the dark side of Nina, and white the good side of Nina. It is shown with actual color within most of the movie though. The theme of this movie is the cost of fame, along with the dark sides of show business. It also shows complexities of trying to be perfect and how the stress of perfection can be one’s downfall. According to The Sticky Shoe Review by Logan Arney, says the Black Swan having a target audience is a bold statement. The reason for this being that the movie has attracted all kinds of people to watching it due to the Oscars and so forth. It has almost created its own target, or curious on-seekers just wondering what goes on in this film. The marketing of this film has many causes to it such as big names. The big acting names are Natalie Portman who stars in this film, director Darren Aronofsky. Aronofsky himself has directed big hits such as â€Å"The Wrestler†, â€Å"The Fountain†, â€Å"Requiem for a Dream†, and â€Å"Pi†. Natalie Portman has starred in big hits such as â€Å"V is for Vendetta†, and â€Å"The Other Boleyn Girl†. Adding to this list are the other two big actors being Vincent Cassel, and Wynonna Ryder and not to mention this film being the buzz at the Venice Film Festival of 2010. There is a lot of PR when this bag of names is mentioned (Mu). The script used in this film was written by Mark Heyman, Andres Heinz, and John McLaughlin. The story was written by Andres Heinz (IMDb). According to Tom Long, giving his critical response about this film, he believes the movie works due to Portman’s great commitment to character which gives the movie its greatness. He also admits this movie is not necessarily for everyone, but for anyone looking for the horror and craziness in a ballerina movie (Long). The mise-en-scene in â€Å"Black Swan† shows up as black and white color. For one, the costume of the dancers shows as black and white. The dress in the reception is black, as are the walls of the ballet company. The editing of this movie was done by Andrew Weisblum (IMDb). What made the editing so great in this movie was how the emotions were transferred on film while adeptly telling the good story. The lighting in â€Å"Black Swan† is very dramatic with tones of greens and magentas showing up within different characters, and of course the black and whites within the film. The music in this film is like any suspense thriller movie in that one knows something is about to happen when a scary tune starts to play. The sound effects seem to mimic the actual swan cry in some parts of the movie. This in effect makes the film very symbolic of the actual animal of a swan. This movie has many camera angles that clearly explore this movies symbolism. One of the high-angle shots of this film is when the character of Nina when she is dancing on stage, and she is looked down on by the audience. A good close-up shot are when it shows Nina’s feet and it shows how much control she has in her movement. A significant wide-shot in the movie is when we are in Nina’s bedroom, and there is light hitting the bed. The medium-shot in the movie that probably catches most everyone’s eye is when Nina is passing her other self on the subway. This movie uses mostly the fixed-camera. In conclusion, this movie clearly goes beyond any limit set forth on most film. It has used more symbolism than other movies which makes it quite interesting. It also has the uncanny terroristic theme of terror imposed within it. One feels as if the ballerina world has been exposed while showing to what extremes the female ballerina will go thru to stay skinny, and be perfect. The black and whites of the film show to what extremes in which the ballerina will show herself through. Works Cited Arney, Logan. â€Å"Black Swan. The Stickey Shoe Review (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 http://stickyshoereview. com/? p=107 â€Å"Black Swan,† IMDb (2010): 1. July 20, 2012 http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0947798/ Long, Tom. â€Å"Review: Natalie Portman soars in ‘Black Swan’† The Detroit News Opinion (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 http://www. detroitnews. com/article/20101210/OPINION03/12100326/1034/ent02/Review–Natalie-Portman-soar s-in–Black-Swan- Mu, Jennifer. â€Å"Love this Black Swan Film Marketing,† Luminosity Marketing (2010): 1. July 19, 2012 http://luminositymarketing. com/blog/? p=2616 How to cite Black Swan, Cinema Paper, Essay examples

Not for Arguments Sake free essay sample

Arguing for me is like music for a musician, or soccer for a soccer player; I love to do it. I could argue against something I agree with, or against something I have no opinion about. I don’t do it for the sake of arguing, but instead for the sole purpose of understanding every side to a story—putting one’s-self in somebody else’s shoes. In essence, I love to argue, because I want to understand the big picture, all the different angles. Understanding, in my opinion, is the best reward of education. In math one might be learning algebra, geometry, or calculus, but it’s only learned when one understands why a=b and that there is more than one way to get the same answer, to achieve the same goal. In history, one learns about the Constitution and also understands why the president (of the U.S.) is elected through an electoral college, making the United States a democratic republic. In English one learns about different styles of literature, developing his/her own style and understanding the value of the choices one makes in his/her writing. Inside of school, all of those subjects are isolated, each having its on set of rules and meaning, but outside of school, in society, all of those different subjects, and their teachings come together. One could take what he/she learned in math—about the different ways of achieving an answer—and what he/she learned in history—about the reason for the type of government in the United States—and what was learned English—about having a distinct style and the value of choices—to conclude that each society makes its own choices in the way its governed, which can be different from one’s own society, with the same common goal in mind, well-being of its citizens. One could also conclude that in an argument, there is no right opinion or wrong opinion, there are only reasons why somebody feels the way they do about a topic, which only takes a little under standing. Every conflict is an argument. The more violence present in an argument means less amount of understanding by each side. We have brains to learn, to think, to make choices, and to communicate, to argue, without the use of violence. We have the ability to receive education, and we have languages to understand each other in. I argue in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese.

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The renaissance period Persuasive Essay The Renaissance era encompasses Western music history from 1400 to the beginning of the sasss. This period in time marked the rebirth of humanism, and the revival of cultural achievements for their own sake in all forms of art, including music. The word Renaissance in itself is defined as a rebirthor a reconstruction. During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. We will write a custom essay on The renaissance period Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This creativity allowed artists to abandon the trice ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people. The distinctive musical sounds of the Renaissance era were comprised of a smooth, imitative, polyphonic style, as seen in the music of Byrd, Palestinian, and Lasses. While sacred music remained of great importance, secular music was starting to become increasingly common. Therefore, the polyphonic style was not only used in sacred music, but also in secular madrigals . The repertoire of instrumental music also began to grow considerably. New instruments were invented, including two keyboard instruments called the clavichord and virginal. In addition, many existing instruments were enhanced. The lute became the favored instrument of the time period, and it was established as the tankard instrument for family music making during the 16th century. Masses and motets were the primary forms for sacred vocal polyphony. These were accompanied by the lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort. Secular vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs, while instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing. Renaissance polyphony was harmonious when compared with the Medieval style. Imitation was a method that composers used to make elaborate music more coherent and to give the listener a ensue of arrangement. Imitation, where one melodic line shares, or imitates, the same musical theme as a previous melodic line became an important polyphonic technique. Imitative polyphony can be easily heard in the music of Byrd, Gibbons, and Gabriel. Additionally, the masses and motets of composers such as Joaquin also displayed the imitative polyphonic style. Imitative polyphony was so important that it continued into the Baroque period, especially in sacred music for the church.

Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Example

Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Example Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Read the case Zychol Chemicals Corporation given below and concisely answer the questions that follow at the end of the case study. As a general guideline, please try to limit your answers to a paragraph or two for each of the questions. Bob Richards, the production manager of Zychol Chemicals, in Houston, Texas, is preparing his quarterly report, which is to include a productivity analysis for his department. One of the inputs is production data prepared by Sharon Walford, his operations analyst. The report, which she gave him this morning, showed the ollowing: 2006 2007 production (untts) 4,500 6,000 Raw material used (barrels of petroleum by-products) 700 900 Labor hours 22,000 28,000 Capital cost applied to the department ($) $375,000 $620,000 Bob knew that his labor cost per hour had increased from an average of $13 per hour to an average of $14 per hour, primarily due to a move by management to become more competitive with a new company that had Just opened a plant in the area. He also knew that his average cost per barrel of raw material had increased from $320 to $360. He was oncerned about the accounting procedures that increased his capital cost from $375,000 to $620,000, but earlier discussions with his boss suggested that there was nothing that could be done about that allocation. Bob wondered if his productivity had increased at all. He called Sharon into the office and conveyed the above information to her and asked her to prepare this part of the report. a) Prepare the productivity part of the report for Mr. Richards. He probably expects some analysis of productivity inputs for all factors, as well as a multifactor analysis or both years with the change in productivity (up or down) and the amount noted. b) The producer price index had increased from 120 to 125, and this fact seemed to indicate to Mr. Richards that his costs were too high. What do you tell him are the implications of this change in the producer price index? c) Managements expectation for departments such as Mr. Richardss is an annual productivity increase of 5%. Did he reach this goal? Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study By rylechelle23

Beck's Theory of Risk Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Beck's Theory of Risk Society - Essay Example Time and again, sociologists have studied societal behaviours and have coined different names for different societies. With the advent of the era of advanced modernity, societal thinkers went into further depths and coined even more comprehensive titles such as Affluent societies, Civic Societies, Open societies etc. One of the most prominent societal thinkers of this new modern era is Ulrich Beck. INTRODUCTION TO BECK AND RISK SOCIETY The German sociologist coined the name of Risk Society in his book ‘’ Toward a New Modernity’’ to explain that this era of advanced modernity is overwhelmed by the underlying risks that form an integral part of the future of these societies. Beck uses the term to identify societies that are risk averse and try to find out systematic methodologies to deal with risks induced by the modernisation itself. The term risk society is also analysed through the paradigms of a theoretical framework. This frame comprises of three interre lated ingredients: Individualization, Risk and reflexive modernity. The underlying basis of Beck to his argument is that modern society is exposed to a plenthora of risks and uncertainties. These uncertainties can include nuclear radiations, global warming, highly endemic diseases, invasive species and many other virulent phenomena (Adam, 2000). CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BECKS THEORY: The historical theoretical work on societies centered around the distribution of world resources. Particularly those of the beginning of the modern era but with the new concept of risk aversiveness, Beck has given new paradigms to the societal risk theories. He argues that today, the focus of societies is not on the distribution of resources but on the distribution of risks and machinations of modernization, the risks prevalent in the contemporary scenario. He furthers his stance by saying that many potential risks are extricated from the concepts of boundaries and so these risks cannot be equitably distrib uted. Everyone therefore is equally at risk. Hence the concept of social classifications identified by the historical sociologists are no longer relevant according to Beck because risks cannot be equitably distributed and so all social classes are dissolved leading to individualization of the social actors. INDIVIDUALIZATION: According to Beck since all countries are equally exposed to the risks identified earlier, all entities, organizations, institutions and governments stand at the same level and so they are individualized at their own domains. Thus they have to take charge of the responsibilities and work on solutions to mitigating these risks. These individualized social actors identify the risks generated from technological innovation and new discoveries and they undertake action such as social movements and awareness campaigns to pressurize the innovators in being safety complaint. On the basis of this idea of individualization, Beck illustrates the vision of ‘New Moder nity’. He portrays a society where personal experimentation and cultural innovation are cherished at the back of high potential uncertainties. Beck considers both regressive and progressive elements to individualization REFLEXIVE MODERNIZATION Beck criticises modernity by attacking the presuppositions of the theory of modernity related socialization. He is of the opinion that many sociologists confuse modernity with industrialism. He finds progress in the overrated social theories which align linear

Hitler's Mein Kampf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hitler's Mein Kampf - Essay Example It later became part of Hitler's propaganda, a psychologically powerful technique used to draw support from and control the behavior of the "irrational" masses. In his view of society, Hitler puts the Aryan race at the top of the human ladder, branding them as the "master" or superior race. The Aryan culture is described as enlightened, since he maintains that this ethnic group is the source of all genius, knowledge and cultural and scientific development. As "culture-founders", the Aryans are responsible for or have influence over the development of other cultures; Aryans are referred to as "the founders of mankind". Other races are referred to as "lesser" or inferior races. As such, their cultures are not dominant, original or unique, simply a mere imitation of Aryan culture (the core) with external features or characteristics (the execution) that are particular to that other race. Therefore, other races are referred to as "culture-bearers": the creativity, inspiration and originality of their culture is due to foreign influences and, when the original creative race nucleus (the cultural driving force) is lost, culture stiffens, cultural development stops and, according to his own words, "darkness will again fall upon the earth [] and the world would turn into a desert." 2 Hitler also describes Aryan supremacy as "fate". ... He states that Aryans, as the master race, cannot avoid their role as supporters or developers of other human cultures since leadership is part of their genetic makeup. In this statement he implies some form of "divine" intervention, the influence of some external force that has chosen Aryans as the supreme race to rule the world. Interestingly, Hitler admits the crucial role that other races play in cultural and scientific development. While Aryans' special abilities make them adapt to all conditions and drive development forward, the presence of other races is instrumental in this development as human auxiliary forces, as part of the machinery. Without the help of the lesser men, Aryans would never have been able to achieve this higher culture. Inferior people, like animals, replace the lack of technical means. Similarly to animals, lesser races need to be tamed and trained to complete certain tasks, which in turn allows Aryans to develop techniques and procedures that substitute or replace them. He concludes that, once the lesser races have fulfilled their role and are no longer required, they can be eliminated, they may "go". In this view of culture and society, Hitler places other races and their contribution below those of animals. He explains that lesser people fulfilled their role as "forces" before animals did for the development of the first culture known to man. However, in their role as masters and propagators of culture, Aryans made one error: they spared the lives of those individuals they had enslaved and gave them a better fate than the rest of the subjects from his pack, they gave them "freedom". However, the subjected inferior races began to rise as they approached their masters linguistically and intellectually and the differences

Effect Of Music And Noise On Working Memory Psychology Essay

Effect Of Music And Noise On Working Memory Psychology Essay Memory is an integral part of everyday life. It is required for simple tasks, such as keeping a phone number in mind before dialling it, or for more complex tasks such as learning a mathematical formula to apply to a sum. Memory is based on three basic processes. It can be defined as the process by which individuals encode, store and retrieve information (Feldman, 2004). Encoding is the receiving of sensory information and transforming it into some form which can be stored. Storing is the process of putting the information into memory. Retrieval is the process of gaining access to the stored information (Morgan, King, Weisz Schopler, 2008). The interaction of these three processes is required for the proper functioning of memory. Memory failure, that is forgetting, can occur when information has not been properly encoded and stored and therefore, there can be no retrieval (Baddeley, Eysenck and Anderson, 2009). The working of memory cannot be reduced to just a single explanation. It is composed of various interrelated systems. In 1968, the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory was proposed. It stated a three stage model of memory. Information, which was recorded by an individuals sensory system, enters sensory memory which holds the information momentarily. The information then moves to short-term memory, where it is stored for 15 to 25 seconds. And finally, the information moves to long-term memory where it is relatively permanent. The amount and kind of rehearsal of the information determines whether the information will move from short-term memory to long-term memory, or not (Feldman, 2004). Stimulation of extremely brief duration is stored in sensory memory. This is the first kind of information presented by the environment to individuals. The term sensory memory denotes different types of memory (Feldman, 2004). In the early 1960s, scientists at Bell Laboratories in USA analysed the fleeting visual memory system, which later came to be known as iconic memory. It is the brief storage of visual information. The auditory counterpart or auditory sensory memory is echoic memory (Baddeley, Eysenck and Anderson, 2009). Iconic memory is said to last for less than a second while echoic memory lasts for two to three seconds. Sensory memory can store information for a very brief time only. If the information does not pass to short-term memory, then it is lost forever. Information that is stored transiently in sensory memory is not meaningful as it is only a representation of raw sensory stimuli. For long-term retention the information is passed on to short-term memory which is the next stage of memory (Feldman, 2004). Short-term memory is the performance on particular types of task involving the simple retention of small amounts of information which is tested either immediately or after a short delay. Short-term memory forms a part of working memory. There are various methods of testing short-term memory. One of the classical methods is the digit span test which requires remembering digits for a short period of time. Specific amounts of information can be held in short-term memory. George A. Miller, one of the founders of cognitive psychology, in 1956, suggested that memory capacity is limited by the number of chunks of information. A chunk is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit of short-term memory (Baddeley, Eysenck and Anderson, 2009). For the transfer of information to long-term memory from short-term memory, rehearsal is required. It is the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. If elaborative rehearsal is used, the information is more likely to get transferred to long-term memory; otherwise it may only remain stored in short-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal is the strategic organization of information (Feldman, 2004). In the late 1960s, the idea of short-term memory being a unitary system was discarded and new theories emerged. These explained short-term memory as involving a number of systems interacting with each other. One such model is of verbal short-term memory. It is the concept of phonological loop. The phonological loop features a part in the multi-component working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. The phonological loop is composed of two parts, a short-term store and an articulatory rehearsal process. This store has a limited capacity. The items are stored as memory traces and decay within a few seconds. But, these traces can be retrieved by sub vocal rehearsal. A prominent feature of the short-term store is the phonological similarity effect. This is a tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal material to be reduced when the items are similar in sound. Therefore, remembering a series of dissimilar words is easier than remembering a list of words that are phonologically similar. But, this effect does not appear when the lists are lengthened and if there are several learning trials involved. It is also seen that there is a tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used. This is the word length effect. Another factor which disrupts verbal short-term memory is the irrelevant sound effect. It was found that music interfered with digit recall. Vocal music was more disruptive that instrumental music. The retention of serial order can be disrupted by irrelevant stimuli provided they fluctuate over time. Another concept of short-term memory is the visuo-spatial short-term memory. The visual and spatial components have been proposed as a part of the visuo-spatial sketchpad which is a component of working memory. It is a counterpart of the phonological loop (Baddeley, Eysenck and Anderson, 2009). After the 1960s, short-term memory has transformed into the concept of working memory. According to this, information is not only retained for a short period of time, but can also be manipulated and can be involved in higher order processing activities such as comprehension, problem-solving and reasoning (Levin, Thurman and Kiepert, 2010). In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch drew two main observations from studying the effect of an irrelevant memory load on verbal reasoning. The first was that an irrelevant short-term memory task interfered with cognitive tasks. This was consistent with the idea of a common working memory system that combines temporary information storage with ongoing mental operations. Secondly, the concept of working memory went beyond that of short-term memory. It included an additional resource which was not shared with short-term memory (Graham J. Hitch). Working memory refers to the ability to coordinate mental operations with transiently stored information during cognitive activities (Graham J. Hitch). It is a system for temporary maintenance and manipulation of information that is helpful in performing complex tasks (Baddeley, Eysenck Anderson, 2009). An example of the usage of working memory is complex mental arithmetic where the task is broken down into several stages. The various stages have to be coordinated and the early stages generate transient information that has to be maintained for use in the later stages (Graham J. Hitch). Working memory and cognitive abilities are related to each other. Working memory affects cognitive tasks and, in turn, cognitive abilities are required for the understanding and manipulation of working memory. The Baddeley-Hitch Model of Working Memory, which was proposed in 1974, is highly influential and attempts to give a clear understanding of working memory. According to this model, working memory has three components: the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive. The phonological loop is specialized in holding sequences of acoustic items. The visuo-spatial sketchpad performs a similar function for visually and spatially encoded items. This entire system is controlled by the central executive which is an attentionally limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems (Baddeley, Eysenck Anderson, 2009). A few factors affecting phonological memory are the phonemic similarity of items as well as the word length of the items. Memory spans vary with the length of the items. They are higher for shorter items than for longer items. But, these effects did not appear when the items were presented visually. Spoken stimuli accesses the articulatory loop automatically whereas visual inputs have to be verbally recoded, a control process that involves subvocalization. The phonological loop also explained why the presence of background speech disrupts short-term memory for visually presented verbal stimuli. According to Baddeley, irrelevant noise was easier to ignore than irrelevant speech which suggested that unattended speech enters the phonological store whereas non speech sounds do not. Working memory is thought to be under the control of the central executive. It is responsible for the coordination of mental activities in working memory as well as supervision of phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad and the interaction with long-term memory (Graham J. Hitch). In 2000, Baddeley proposed a fourth component of the working memory model which would explain its interaction with long-term memory. It was called the episodic buffer and was assumed to be a storage system which could hold about four chunks of information in a multidimensional code. It acts as a link between the various components of working memory, and connecting the components with input from long-term memory. It has been studied that music has a favourable effect on working memory. Classical music such as Mozarts Sonata for two pianos in D Major, K.448 and Vivaldis Four Seasons: Spring are said to have an especially beneficial effect, by improving cognitive performance of individuals (Copley, May). In 1993, Rauscher et al claimed that after listening to Mozarts sonata for 2 pianos (K.448) for ten minutes, subjects showed better spatial reasoning skills than after listening to relaxation instructions or silence (Jenkins, 2001). This came to be known as the Mozart Effect. Rauscher et al stated that the participants IQ increased by 8 to 9 points over the two other conditions- relaxation and silence (Smith, Waters and Jones, 2010). The Vivaldi Effect was observed in a study when it was found out that those who listened to Vivaldi while exercising increased their scores of verbal fluency tests after their workouts compared to those who exercised without music (Roberts, June). Background noise is any sound that distracts or interferes with an individuals focus of attention. Background noise is said to disrupt the concentration of an individual. It can affect a persons ability to think clearly and retain information and can impair learning and memory (Andrews, January). Noise can include road traffic, people talking in the background, etc. Working memory is an important component as everyday cognitive tasks rely on it. It is integral in the development of language and reading. The study aims to explore the influence of music (classical) and background noise on working memory, which is responsible for enabling complex cognitive activities. The Mozart Effect has been observed to have a beneficial effect on visuospatial performance. This study aims to see if it can be extended to the performance of working memory as well. The study will also observe whether conditions of silence and music will elicit a better performance of working memory than the condition of background noise and the condition of background noise and music. The objectives of this study are to find out if music has a positive effect on working memory and if noise has a detrimental effect on working memory. In addition, the study aims to compare the effects of silence and music on working memory as well as to find out if background noise and music will have a detrimental effect on working memory. The hypotheses of the study are that music will have a positive effect on working memory, noise will have a detrimental effect on working memory, silence will have a better result on the performance of working memory than music and background noise and music will have a detrimental effect on working memory. Chapter Two Review of Literature Various studies have been conducted which show the positive and detrimental effects of music and noise on working memory. The following research articles look at studies which have been conducted which express the relationships between music, noise and working memory. The Effects of Background Music and Noise on Working Memory was conducted by Amanda Eiras and Kaycee McNeil. It examines how verbal working memory was affected by background music and noise. The study was conducted on 14 participants between the ages of 18 to 30 years. The participants were made to recall a list of 30 words in 30 seconds under four conditions: in silence, in music, in noise and in music and noise. It was found that the presence of music was not statistically significant F(1,11) The Effect of Background Music and Noise on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts was conducted by Stacey Dobbs, Adrian Furnham and Alistair McClelland. This study examines whether background noise is as distracting as music and the effect it has on introverts and extroverts while they do cognitively complex tasks. 118 female school children between the ages of 11 to 18 years were the participants of the study. The participants were made to complete 3 tasks- RPM, Wonderlic Personnel Test and Verbal Reasoning Test Byron, 2006 under 3 conditions: noise condition, music condition and silence condition. The results showed that in RPM, the performance in silence was significantly better than in the presence of music and the performance in music was significantly better than in the presence of noise. In the Wonderlic Personality Test, the performance in silence and music was significantly better than in the presence of noise. The performance in the presence of silence was not significantly different from performance in the presence of music. In the test of verbal reasoning the performance in silence was significantly better than with music and just failed to be significantly better than with noise. There was no significant difference between performance under music and noise conditions. Recall of Words Heard in Noise was conducted by Anders Kjellberg, Robert Ljung and David Hallman. This study examines if recall of words and recognition of sentences, when orally presented, were affected by the presence of background noise. 32 participants between the ages of 18 to 34 years were chosen. The participants were required to complete two memory tasks: recall of words and recognition of sentences under two conditions- with background noise and without background noise. The results show that the number of words correctly recalled were significantly lower in the noisy condition (mean= 8.50 and 11.03 for noise and control condition respectively.) In the recognition of sentences task there was no significant differences between the conditions. Does music enhance cognitive performance in healthy older adults? was conducted by Nicola Mammarella, Beth Fairfield, and Cesare Cornoldi. This study examines whether music can enhance cognitive performance. 24 participants between the ages of 73 to 86 years of age were chosen. The participants were required to do two tests: a forward version of digit spans and word fluency test under three conditions: music, no music and white noise. The results for digit span show that the music condition showed a significant advantage over the white noise condition and the non-music condition. There was no difference between the white noise condition and the non-music condition. The results for the phonemic fluency show that there is a significant advantage of music over white noise and non-music conditions. And the difference between white noise and non-music conditions were not significant. Listening to the Vivaldi excerpt led subjects to show a significant increase in phonological working memor y capacity and phonemic fluency. Acoustical Barriers in Classrooms: The Impact of Noise on Performance in the Classroom was conducted by Julie E. Dockrell and Bridget M. Shield. The study examines the effect of classroom noise on the performance of primary school children. 158 children were chosen as participants for the study. Their mean age was 8 years and 6 months. The participants were given four tests to complete: an aptitude test, verbal tests which included reading and spelling, non-verbal tests and an arithmetic test under three different class noise conditions: base (normal classroom condition when children are working quietly and no one is talking), babble (noise consisting of childrens babble) and babble with environmental noise. The results showed that verbal task performance is worst in babble and best in base condition. In the non-verbal tests, the performance is best in the babble and environment noise condition. The study, The Effect of Background Music and Background Noise on the Task Performance of Introverts and Extraverts was conducted by Gianna Cassidy and Raymond A. R. Macdonald. This study examines the effects of music with high arousal potential and negative affect, music with low arousal potential and positive affect and everyday noise on the cognitive performance of introverts and extraverts. The sample size was 40. It included 20 university student, 10 adolescents and 10 non-studying/working adults. The materials used were music with lyrics and background noise (which was everyday general sound, classroom working sounds, traffic and conversation including laughter). The participants had to complete 5 cognitive tasks. They were the Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, a delayed recall task from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (version A, item 6 A), a free recall task which had 20 six letter words, a distractive task which was a numerical task and the delayed recall task. The participants completed the five tasks in one of the four background sound conditions: positive low arousal music which was relaxing, negative high arousal music which was aggressive, background noise and silence. Performance on all the tasks was poorer while listening to background sound (which includes music and noise) compared to completing the tasks in silence. Listening to high arousal music was significantly more detrimental to task performance than listening to low arousal music across all tasks. Background noise and high arousal music significantly reduced performance across all tasks compared to the silence condition. High arousal music was more detrimental to task performance the Stroop task. The Effects of Acute Background Noise on Recognition Tasks was conducted by Daniel Diegard. 23 students were chosen as the participants for the study and the mean age was 22 years. The materials used were random white noise, encoding items, a distracter task which was a mental arithmetic task and a working memory capacity test which required the participants to complete an arithmetic test and alternating between equations and memorizing word sequences. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the four noise conditions effects on the participants recognition score. There was a significant within-subject effect on the participants response times, dependant on the presence of noise during the recognition part [F(1,21)=5.60, p=0.028] and also a between-subject ffect for the two experimental groups [F(1,21)=8.57, p=0.008]. Background white noise had no significant effect on the participants learning capacity. It was seen that the interaction effect of the experi mental group and encoding noise did approach significance. The results of this study are shown to be inconsistent with most previous studies conducted. Effects of Prior Exposure to Office Noise and Music on Aspects of Working Memory was conducted by Andrew Smith, Beth Waters and Hywel Jones. The participants of this study were 36 undergraduate students between the ages of 18 to 25 years. This study was further divided into two studies. The first examined whether habituation occurred to office noise and how long it takes for habituation. The second study was an attempt to replicate the Mozart Effect which represents an improvement in spatial reasoning following listening to Mozart. In the first experiment, a mental arithmetic task was given to the participants. After the first mental arithmetic task, a habituation period to office noise was presented for five minutes. There were three conditions which were used. The first was continuous noise condition which was heard throughout the presentation of all the mental arithmetic tasks and the habituation periods. The second was the noise control condition in which the participants heard n oise during the mental arithmetic task but not during the intervening habituation period. The final condition was the quiet condition in which no noise was presented during the mental arithmetic task. The habituation phase was for 20 minutes in total placed between the arithmetic tasks. The results showed that there was a significant effect of noise condition [F(2,33)=8.3, p In the second experiment 24 undergraduate students were chosen to be the participants. Their mean age was 22 years. The participants had to complete spatial ability tasks in three conditions: after listening to Mozarts piano sonata, after positive mood induction and after sitting in silence. The results showed that the participants had higher scores on the test in the Mozart condition than in the other 2 conditions. Music Listening While You Learn: No Influence of Background Music on Verbal Learning was conducted by Lutz Jancke and Pascale Sandmann. This study examined the influence of listening to background music on verbal learning performance. The sample size of this study was 75 and the participants were randomly assigned to five groups. The participants had to learn the presented verbal material with and without background music. Each group of participants was exposed to one of five different background stimuli: in-tune fast, in-tune slow, out-of-tune fast, out-of-tune slow and noise. This study did not find any consistent or consequential influence of background music on verbal learning. There was neither an enhancement nor a decrease in verbal learning performance during the presentation of the background sound conditions. The Relative and Perceived Impact of Irrelevant Speech, Vocal Music and Non-Vocal Music on Working Memory was a study conducted by Thomas R. Alley and Marcie E. Greene. The sample size of this study was 60. The study examined the effects of vocal music, equivalent instrumental music and irrelevant speech on working memory to understand how music affects performance and the degree of impairment. The participants completed a digit span task in the presence of irrelevant speech, vocal music, instrumental versions of the vocal music and silence. The results of this study showed that speech and vocal music hindered performance. The performance in instrumental music was better than that of vocal music but was not significantly different from speech or silence. Chapter Three Methodology The aim of this research will be to study the effects of music and background noise on working memory. Research Design A quantitative study will be carried out and experimental research design will be used. The study will involve a group of individuals who will be made to recall lists of words under four different conditions- silence, background noise, music and music and background noise. Hypotheses Music will have no effect on working memory. Noise will have no effect on working memory. Silence will have no effect on working memory. Background noise and music will have no effect on working memory. Sampling Sample size consisting of 40 individuals including males and females in the age range of 19 to 23 years. The sampling method to be used will be convenience sampling. The study is an experimental and quantitative research as variables will be measured and analysed using statistical techniques. Ethical Consideration Informed consent will be given to the participants before the experiment is conducted to ensure that their participation is voluntary. Confidentiality of identity of the participants will be guaranteed. The participants will be allowed to leave the experiment when they want. Tools Used 16 list of 20 words each Mozarts Sonata for 2 pianos in D, K.448 Vivaldi- Spring Clip of background noise on a busy street Data Analysis The Analysis of Variance or ANOVA will be used as there are more than two variables which will be taken into consideration as well as the interaction between the two. Operational Definitions Working Memory- Working memory is the ability to temporarily store words while performing other cognitive tasks. Music- Music can be defined as the vocal and instrumental sound to produce form, harmony and expression. Noise- Noise is defined as unwanted sound. In this study, noise is that which is not important to the main focus of attention.

Wine Industry Financial Analysis Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Cour

Wine Industry Financial Analysis DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Canandaigua Brands, Inc. (formerly Canandaigua Wine Company, Inc.) is a producer and supplier of wine and an importer and producer of beer and distilled spirits in the United States. It maintains a portfolio of over 130 national and regional brands of beverage alcohol which are distributed by over 850 wholesalers throughout the United States and selected international markets. Its beverage alcohol brands are marketed in three general categories: wine, beer and distilled spirits. Brands include: Paul Masson, Manischewitz, Monte Alban, Almaden, Barton’s Gin and Corona Beer. MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE Management performance is good. Canandaigua’s return on assets is better than the industry standard for 1998, and just under the industry standard in 1997. The company’s management has been able to improve the company’s ROA by almost doubling net income from the prior year. Management has in the past done a good job of utilizing its assets, and by the latest results is doing an even better job. Canandaigua’s gross margin(25.62) is less than the industry standard(43.80%). It appears that the company’s production costs are greater than others in the industry. Profit margin(6.78%) is greater than the industry standard(6.64%) in 1998. Canandaigua is very good at controlling selling & general administrative expenses. Higher sales in 1998 resulted primarily from additional beer sales, largely Corona Beer sales, additional table wine sales and additional spirits sales. The company has increased its return on common stockholder’s equity(12.84%), compared to the industry stan dard of 10.89%. Canandaigua does a fair job of controlling borrowing. Interest expense was reduced by ... ...ompany’s operating cycle is very lengthy. Although, assuming most payables are due net 30, Mondavi appears to pay their bills on an average of 3.8 days early. LONG-TERM LENDORS From a lendor’s perspective, Mondavi appears very strong in its ability to repay long-term debt and interest despite having a debt to asset ratio 35% below the industry average. Mondavi has a very low probability of bankruptcy with or without the market cap being considered. Accordingly, Mondavi would be a good candidate for a general line of credit from lendors. INVESTORS Mondavi’s stock appears to be over valued by approximately 100% compared to 1997 and 1998’s per share market value. According to the EPS ratio, such over valuation appears to be consistent from ’97 to ’98, according to the EPS ratio. Therefore, it seems that investors would be hesitant to purchase Mondavi’s stock.

Impact of Job satisfaction on employees Essay

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of motivation on job satisfaction (dissatisfaction) of journalistic employees employed by the national public broadcaster. The idea was to profile factors causing high motivation and job satisfaction and also to profile those factors that contribute low motivation and dissatisfaction at work. The rationale for the study was simply an observation that some employees seem better adjusted and happy at work and are able to cope well with the demands of the working environment while others are not. Another observation is that management seem not to be aware of what motivates their subordinates and to strategically utilize those motivational tools to maintain high levels of job satisfaction (or at least low levels of job dissatisfaction), high productivity and morale. The target sample was all journalistic staff working in the television and radio news rooms of the national public broadcaster in South Africa. The profile of the respondents included a variety of ages, gender, races, educational backgrounds, different work locations, different marital statuses and managers and non-managers. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was randomly distributed at Head Office in Auckland Park and to all the nine regional offices of the SABC. The major findings of this investigation was that three motivational factors, namely achievement, recognition and work itself cause 88% job satisfaction; while hygiene factors cause 12% job satisfaction. At the same time the research also found that three hygiene factors, namely supervision,  company policy and administration and  interpersonal relations with supervisors cause 60% job dissatisfaction; while motivational factors, namely achievement and recognition cause 40% job dissatisfaction. These results reflect the work attitudes of employees at the time of this research. The study illustrates that when employees are happy and satisfied in their  jobs, their level of motivation is high and they perform at peak all the time. On the other hand, when employees are unhappy and dissatisfied at work, their level of motivation is low and they don’t perform at peak level. The study recommends strategies of how management can utilize achievement, recognition and work itself as a tool to keep employees motivated and satisfied in their jobs. It also recommends ways by which management can eliminate low motivation and job dissatisfaction amongst employees by improving management skills, knowledge and competencies of managers, building relations between managers and subordinates and also improving the quality of internal communication with employees especially on policy and administrative matters. Lawler (1973) in Dipboye, Smith and Howell (2000) incorporated the concepts of attained versus desired needs in his model of facet satisfaction. This model is an extension of the Porter-Lawler (1968) of motivation explained above. It is a facet satisfaction model because satisfaction with various components or facets of a job, such as supervision, pay, or the work itself, is considered. Lawler’s model specifies that workers compare what their jobs should provide in terms of job facets, such as promotions and pay, to what they currently receive from their jobs. However, simple need comparison theory is extended by also weighing the influence of certain worker characteristics (such as skills, training, and age) and job characteristics (such as degree of responsibility and difficulty). In addition, the model draws concepts from the equity theory of motivation by assuming that workers ultimately determine their job satisfaction by comparing their relevant job inputs and outputs to referent (comparison) others (Dipboye, Smith and Howell, 2000:149-150). Adapted: Figure 2.2

No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of...

No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of Prostitution To decriminalize or not to decriminalize? That is the question people in the United States and other nations have been asking themselves for decades. Many countries, including Costa Rica, Italy, Norway, and Singapore, do legally sanction certain forms of prostitution, and some find it odd that a nation like the United States, which prides itself so heavily on the principle of individual liberty, would forbid any type of activity between two consenting adults. Nonetheless, countless Americans find the prospect of legal prostitution offensive to their ideals concerning traditional moralism, sex, or womanhood. While morality debates may rage on, it does seem rather strange†¦show more content†¦Such a system would enable those willing to pay for sex to do so without the danger of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. It would also improve the health of prostitutes themselves. Some worry that legalization would give prostitution a stamp of approval that would spur a dramati c and potentially dangerous sexual revolution, but judging by the way legal strip clubs and pornography are regarded by society at large today, it is unlikely that much of the stigma attached to prostitution would disappear. (Societys view is reflected in the fact that almost every city and town restricts both the type and location of both strip clubs and pornography stores that can exist there.) What would change, though, is that prostitutes would finally have the option of going to the police after being raped by their customers or managers. In a 1998 survey of 475 prostitutes led by Dr. Melissa Farley of Prostitution Research and Education, 62% had been raped since entering the profession, and 46% had been raped more than five times. Meanwhile, 82% of the American prostitutes surveyed had been physically assaulted on the job. A socially responsible government would provide these victims of violence with a place to turn for help, but unfortunately, there is no way for them to redr ess the crimes committed against them. Since their business is against the law, contacting a police officer would do more them harm than good. Despite the fact that legalization would make prostitutionShow MoreRelatedProstitution Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution has been a part of our worlds culture since the beginning of time, and is the worlds oldest profession. Ever since the beginning of time man has felt the need to pay for services of a sexual nature, whether are legal or not. In our culture; however, prostitution has become a topic of debate concerning the merits of this professions legality. In viewing the legalization of prostitution one must take into account all the pros and cons of the situation, but more importantly what isRead MoreA Christian Approach to Homosexuality7265 Words   |  30 Pagessupported gay marriage, reversing his position on the issue. Mr. Obama was against same-sex marriage as a candidate in 2008 but supported civil unions. In the fall of 2010, he said his views on gay marriage were evolving†. Now he has made his position clear and added that he was influenced by gay memb ers of the military and his staff who are raising children together in monogamous relationships. Mr. Obama is the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support gay marriage. His endorsement is largelyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesit is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops