Rap Hip Hops Effects on Black America via Social Aspects Attitudes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1968 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Music Essay Level High school Tags: Hip Hop Essay Did you like this example? African Americans as a culture are under constant attack socially, intellectually and racially and in todays world this is supported primarily by how the mainstream media portrays present day rap/hip-hop, by giving it a bad name whilst telling john public that a certain stereotype is okay. By doing this the media has become complicit in the castration and twisting of the voices of black America and this only aides commercialism and tricks the younger generation into seeing consumerism as an act of rebellion. The history of hip hop rap music is closely linked to the political issues the culture of black people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rap Hip Hops Effects on Black America via Social Aspects Attitudes" essay for you Create order This music was needed to fuel the fight during the Civil Rights Movement and was supposed to be that next step in the transformation and transition of black people from slavery to freedom. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America, (1994) a book written by Tricia Rose project discusses how rap music has taken a turn for the worse and how the black community has easily followed the same path. Rose discusses the evolution plight of the black man in American History, Social conditions, Intellectual life, Race identity and Rap (Music) History and criticism. Rose argues that the original intended message of rap hip hop has changed and in its present form seems to be in a fight with its self. On one hand fighting for a cause and on the other hand destroying the identity of women and other classes of people who are under attack by society. The topics discussed are sure to appeal to the black community, women and persons who seek to have an equal footing for all people in the African American community at home and abroad. I will analyze the authors argument that African Americans suffer from effects of stereotypes social injustices this has caused a deterioration of the political and social conditions because of rap hip hop and what we can do to change the perceptions and habits. present research documents argument, claims, audience, purpose, and how these things support the argument along with the use of evidence. Rose begins by discussing the origins of rap hip-hop music and she touches on the business aspect of and rap and how the media focusses on the illegal sampling of other music to make rap music. Rose highlights the role that rap music, dancing graffiti played in its development and illustrates how cultural ignorance has led to the moral break down in society. Rap deals with complex issues that relate to social, cultural and political matters. Caughy, M. O. in the book. The Influence of Racial Socialization Practices on the Cognitive and Behavioral Competence of African American Preschoolers. Caughy surmised that a childs development as it relates to being brought up in poverty and the effects of living a community setting affected by the processes that derive from poverty (1). This correlates to what Rose is saying in terms of how important re-education in fixing the present issues that exist in the black community. Rose discusses songs from various artist that attempted to spe ak to the social ills of rap music. Asante writes artist like KRS Ones, who proclaimed: To crush the stereotype heres what we did/ We got ourselves together/So that you could unite and fight for whats right. (p10). Despite raps suppression it continued to thrive welcomed artist who had little guidance and the results of this lack of guidance showed how modern rap/hip-hop has descended now caters to the lowest common denominator because the values and ideals of the new up and coming artist has been already tainted and the list of positive artists is small, and they all regurgitate the same negative messaging instead of using hip-hop as the culture expression it was intended to be. Rap hop hop seldom showcase positive messaging because it has lost its initial mandate which is to speak on social economic issues that affect todays society. If we turn on any tv today we can see movies music that depict persons of my color in a basic stereotype, either they are killing each other having sex with multiple partners or doing drugs. Misogyny and black on black violence in rap/hip-hop and its negative impact is affecting how black people view themselves and this is causing the erosion of the black community. Author Belgrave, Faye Z., in the book. The Influence of an Afrocentric Worldview and Demographic Variables on Drug Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use among African American Youth. (3) addresses similar ideas when she stated, The negative consequences of drug us, abuse, and activity are many (p2). Belgrave blames school drop-out, crime and incarceration, teen pregnancy, HIV and sexually transmitted diseases on drugs the pervasive culture exist in the African American society due to a lack of economic prosperity, and education. Rose asserts and connects with Belgrave about African Americans and the deterioration of the political and social conditions due to the effects of rap hip hop and what we can do to change the perceptions and habits. As Asante stated With its sands scattered to the winds of the world hip hop joins scores of other vibrations that were born in the Black community. and that other countries have adopted hip hop outside of U.S. Therefore, hip hop if changed in its homeland can have a ripple effect and change the overall culture that has been attached to it. The up and coming artist if educated and paid appropriately will reflect the values of traditional Rap Hip Hop. If we change our songs and ignore the stereotypes the media would soon follow. Educations about where the music came from and where its going and adequately paying artist would make them less of victims to the cooperate big wigs. Asante questions the purpose and the motives of the record companies and how hip-hop music imp acts their bottom line and not necessarily the artist. Asante compares The Hip-Hop Generation Post Hip-Hop Generation explaining the differences between them pointing out how commercialism and consumption has played a massive part in the deconstruction of hip hop, defining how Hip-Hop has betrayed itself by not being used as a tool for rebelling or standing up for whats right. Rose asserts that the lack of emcees and influential people to disseminate the positive cultural expression of black America has contributed to a fall in the quality of music and a directional shift of the music. Asante writes that these emcees are vital to the future of rap hip-hop music because they in the past they were the guardians of the music and reflected the values of traditional rap hip hop (p7). The true meaning or actions of Post-Hip-Hop has encompassed the present generations current day struggles along with hip hops past struggles, but the lines of battle drawn in the sand has become blurred because many other movements fights have emerged causing many fights to be fought and no battles to be won. These movements are the womens movement, anti-war movement, gay rights, anti-globalization just to name a few. A civil fight for one of these movements alone could take a lifetime so the idea that cooperating could make things better for all at the same time seems laugh able. In effect each will cannibalize each other of resources man power and The fight would just be A fight. Civil Rights Equality for Blacks in all aspects of society should stand on its own. Its over 400 years that Africans have been fighting for freedom and equality and the same fight continues. Asante writes that during the Civil Rights Movement black music was called freedom songs. It was even stated that the lyrics were very important, even more so than the music. (p4). Are we doing enough to rebuild our cities in order to stimulate growth and bring back money to the hands of the poor black community? Is the artiste investing in programs that help the young up and coming artist who need to learn the ropes? I think better can be done in respect of the business aspect of rap music, this would undoubtedly allow for the transfer of power of most if not all of what we deem as culture back to the hands of whom it was torn from. In his review of Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. author Baker, Houston A., Jr. Supported and extended Rose when he wrote From its first commercial success during the 1970s, raps powers of persuasion were never in doubt. Its powers of adaptation and global influence, however, have proved both surprising and frustrating to even the most tireless adult detractors of the form. (2) Rose also spoke about female rappers and how their voices influence rap music. Rose speaks of the marginalization of black womens contribution to rap and the music industry. Rose gave examples of works from artist like Salt N Pepa, Queen Latifah several other female writers artist. As Asante stated With its sands scattered to the winds of the world hip hop joins scores of other vibrations that were born in the Black community. (p2), other countries have adopted hip hop outside of U.S. Therefore, hip hop if changed in its homeland can have a ripple effect and change the overall culture that has been attached to it. The up and coming artist if educated and paid appropriately will reflect the values of traditional Rap Hip Hop. If we change our songs and ignore the stereotypes the media would soon follow. Education about where the music came from and where its going and adequately paying artist would make them less of victims to the cooperate big wigs. Rap shares similar origins of previous black oral music traditions. Rose discusses the study of jazz in the 1920s and how the black culture was being imitated by white entertainers and fans. Asante writes about the adoption of hip-hop outside the U.S signifying that the black art forms are taken by other cultures and races and finds itself appropriated and in some cases misused and misunderstood. (p3). This merger of cultures contributes to the loss of cultural expression and gives way to any influence presented my public or private entities. (p7). Rose speaks of rappers going unnoticed by the mainstream music industry the popular cultural industries until the entrepreneur Sylvia Robinson brought attention to the art form. When Hollywood realized rap would be a force in the future everyone jumped on board. Asante questions the purpose and the motives of the record companies and how hip-hop music impacts their bottom line and not necessarily the artist when he says Instead multinational corporations like Viacom, Clear Channel, and Vivendi, through their radio and television outlet, control how most people hear and see hip hop. (p 6). Asante compares The Hip-Hop Generation Post Hip-Hop Generation explaining the differences between them pointing out how commercialism and consumption has played a massive part in the deconstruction of hip hop, defining how Hip-Hop has betrayed itself by not being used as a tool for rebelling or standing up for whats right. (p10). When we turn on the radio or look at printed media, we can see images or hear music that encourages us to engage in vulgar dangerous acts which are not in keeping with who we are. The modern era of rap hip hop has given way to the systematic destruction of people of color or might I say anyone who looks different from white. The education of people of all colors needs to be reintroduced and revised because at this the only organization that can help this generation reverse the way we think, and act is the media. This topic is still prevalent and is a perfect example of the social ills that exist in society involving brown and black people.

The Sick Wife By Jane Kenyon - 1098 Words

Breast cancer can be a very scary experience, not just for the patient, but also for the patient’s family. While patients go through the process of being diagnosed with breast cancer and the treatment that goes with it there are many highs and lows. The themes of uncertainty, family, and isolation can be seen throughout Audre Lorde’s journal, and even though the poems are small you can still see the same themes throughout most of them. When reading through Audre’s experience of having to wait three weeks to figure out if she had cancer or not, the first time, she was struggling with the uncertainty of her life. Her mortality was put front and center and she had a lot of self-reflection during this time. In The Sick Wife by Jane Kenyon you can see an example of how uncertain life is and how quickly it can change. In The Sick Wife there was a wife who is not even fifty, yet they are not able to button a button. Even when diagnosed with cancer it is not just li fe and death that people are uncertain of, but also the quality of life after cancer. While Audre is at the hospital after her second biopsy and when she is finally out of anesthesia she says that her partner, Frances, was â€Å"like a great sun-flower.† I think this perfectly sums up how family or loved ones can have such a positive effect on individuals’’ health. Loved ones can be a stress reliever and simply having them there can make individuals happier and more at ease. However; in some families, it may have theShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagescertified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place

Accounting Ethics Education-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Choose a recent event of a Financial or Accounting nature that that contains significant Ethical Issues. Identify and discuss these ethical issues, drawing out any dilemmas or controversial aspects from a financial and accounting perspective. Answer: investment banks, pension firms and mortgage lenders or any company that is doing business in the financial industry. According to Sultani,( 2014) financial industry is large, it tends to face a lot of focus by the public and also it is prone to ethical issues. There is need for managerial ethics to ensure that any accounting and financial information is able to be presented to the public, owners of the business, directors of the company, managers and all other interested stakeholders in the business environment. In this case legal scenario is presented if the accounts do not or fail to report any misconduct relating to financial or accounting or use internal information for personal advantage. All financial information is important to the owners of the business if it is bad or good is required in business operations and making decisions. The ethics in accounting ensures that the different employees in the organization are given sensitive business information that is vital in the making different financial decisions leading to trustworthiness. In one of the financial events that posed an ethical dilemma in the accounting industry is the scandal of the Lehman brothers. This case shook the financial industry in which on September 2008, the Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy protection from the public and other debtors. It was one of the largest bankruptcy cases that has ever happened in United States. The company had earlier assured the people of the healthy finances of the company, the liquidity level was high and also it was able to manage the leverage levels. The protection was filled after the company had assured the people that everything was in order. This huge case reduced the level of confidence the consumers had on the company because it was one of the stable and trusted company that speared forward transparency and growth (Ball, 2000.) The Lehman brothers was an international firm that offered financial services to the other institutions and individual. The management and the auditors who involved executives and Ernst and Young hid over 50 billion dollars that was disguised as sales and in real case it was loans from assets which were toxic. The company through the executives sold assets which were toxic to Cayman Island bank keeping in mind that they had future sales of 50 billion from the company which will eventually sell the assets in future. This was not the case since the company had invested in toxic assets which was a liability instead of asset or cash to the company. The auditors had reported sales in cash of 50 billion but this was a liability that they had incurred in their operations which later came to light and became the biggest scandal in United States. One of the ethical issues that was characterized in this case if that of professional duty which in any case may conflict with the companys demands.For example, a toxic sale of assets can bring about an unethical behavior in the company. But in this case the audited sided with management and presented a statement that favored the company by this was not the true picture. Like in this case is the duty of the auditors to present an audited report that represents a true picture of the financial statements, but in this case the company demanded the auditors to present a report that will suit the interest of the directors so they colluded with the auditors. The report did not give true picture only favored the interest of the professionals only but not the general public. The management wanted a highest return from the sale of the assets which in real case it was a liability to the company. According to the accounting standards the report or financial statements presented should be free f rom any misrepresentation and the report should be relied on by other parties i.e. it is material in nature. Another ethical issue in the financial industry is the responsibility of the individual which is compromised by the demands of the clients. According to accounting standards set in the industry the directors are obliged to have a duty of care and responsibility to the clients. The clients rely on the company to gain more profits from the transactions conducted by the management. Any financial decision made should benefit the clients and in this case the directors did not want to lose clients by disappointing them so they made a toxic sale and reported it as sales while it was a liability to the company. This posed an ethical issue which affected the company in the future. The conflict comes when the directors want to impress the clients so they will go an extent of falsifying the financial information. According to Mitchell, she came up with several suggestions that will help improve the industry to be more ethical since most people who do business are ethical people trying to do bes t for the clients of the different businesses to achieve the financial objectives but they end up with ethical issues brought about financial misappropriation(Soltani,2014.) Management pressure Another dilemma is brought about by the pressure from the management to accounts who prepare the balance sheets and financial statements. According to the accounting standards and code of conduct the accounts need to be objective in their work and preparation of financial statement. The accountants may fear losing their job hence they face ethical issue in maintaining a true financial statement report of the company because of the pressure received from the management. The accountants would alter the financial records to suit the success of the company leading to the downfall of the company when it is later discovered. The Lehman scandal the auditors were pressure were forced to give a true view of the financial statements which was not the case. Accountant as Whistleblower The accountant would face the dilemma of reporting the fraud to the Financial Accounting Standards Board which is the accountants duty to report the violation. This may lead to Executives and other financial officers to face criminal prosecution of going to jail. The auditors did not report the issue to the relevant auditors due to the large amount of cash involved leading to penalties on the management. Though the accounting standard states that the accountants and employees need to express a level of confidentiality on the company information unless if the information is critical or misrepresented then they have to report to the authorities. The Effects of Greed According to accounting where income is earned or recognized where there is transfer of cash or any intention of receiving a certain amount of cash in the near future(William,2014.) But this was not the case with the company since they were not certain of any receipt of cash. They only depended on the sale of the toxic assets from the bank which they had sold the assets to. This was attributed to greed of making more money and disposing the assets to gain profitability. In normal scenario an accountant should not greed to get into the way of him following the ethical guidelines in reporting of financial statements. If the accountant does not follow the set-up standards then it leads to dilemma and becomes a liability to the company by violating the accounting violations. Omission of Financial Records Due to good image of the company perceived by the public the accountants may be asked to omit some of the financial records of the company from the balance sheet that may present the company in bad image to the public and the investors. According to Fan, (2012) mission of records is a breach of the accounting ethics because the employees are entitled to do care of the resources of the company. The accountant should be careful not to present incomplete information that will pose a danger in presentation of the financial report. In trying to overcome the ethical dilemmas in the company the following remedies need to be put in place by the management and the financial accountants and auditors to prevent any legal case against them and the company. The remedies include; Disclosure and Conflict of Interest According to the Accounting Ethics set by the accounting body, the role of the accountant is to keep financial records of the company that is relied upon by the different companies. The parties relying on the information have the right to know about the organization operations about the economic affairs. This role is sometimes hard because of conflicting interests. It is the duty of accountants to display any information that is material to the public. In the Lehman company the brothers together with the accountant ought to have instructed the accountant on the impact of the sale of the toxic assets and get opinion about the operations of the company. The accountants and auditors of the accounting firm have the responsibility to provide accurate information to shareholders and the general public even if that information is potentially damaging to its client(Williams,2014.) Sarbanes-Oxley Act There has been a lot of scandals in the accounting industry and in 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law. The law is able to protect the public from any unethical undertakings or practices. Standards of disclosure need to be constituted like internal control system and penalties should be levied to the accountants which includes imprisonment and fines. This act will help the accounting firms and would streamline the accountability work in the business environment. Accounting Codes of Conduct The American Institute of CPAs implies code of conduct for the accounting professionals. The code relates to professional conduct, integrity and general standards accounting principles. First of all, consumers need to be better informed. It is the responsibility of the accountants to control the financial position of the business (Perego,2012.) References Ball, A., Owen, D. L., Gray, R. (2000). External transparency or internal capture? The role of third?party statements in adding value to corporate environmental reports1.Business strategy and the environment,9(1), 1-23. Cameron, R. A., O'Leary, C. (2015). Improving ethical attitudes or simply teaching ethical codes? The reality of accounting ethics education.Accounting Education,24(4), 275-290. Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?European Accounting Review,24(1), 31-61. Knapp, M. C. (2012).Contemporary auditing. Nelson Education. Fan, Y. H., Woodbine, G., Scully, G. (2012). Guanxi and its influence on the judgments of Chinese auditors.Asia Pacific Business Review,18(1), 83-97. Porter, G. A., Norton, C. L. (2012).Financial accounting: the impact on decision makers. Cengage Learning. Perego, P., Kolk, A. (2012). Multinationals accountability on sustainability: The evolution of third-party assurance of sustainability reports.Journal of Business Ethics,110(2), 173- 190. Soltani, B. (2014). The anatomy of corporate fraud: A comparative analysis of high profile American and European corporate scandals.Journal of Business Ethics,120(2), 251-274. Warren, D. E., Peytcheva, M., Gaspar, J. P. (2015). When ethical tones at the top conflict: Adapting priority rules to reconcile conflicting tones.Business Ethics Quarterly,25(4), 559-582. Williams, J. (2014).Financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

James Hoban Essay Example

James Hoban Paper James Hoban and The White House Is James Hoban the best Irish born architect ever? I will let you decide after you read his story. James Hoban was born in Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1758 in a small house. His catholic parents worked as servants in Desart Court which was a grand mansion. Early on in his life he was disadvantaged because of the anti-Catholic Penal law. [1] The law stipulated Hoban was not allowed to go to school but he still managed to go to the Royal Dublin Society where he took architecture classes. Unfortunately, he was not able to land a job in Ireland. When the American revolutionary war ended, he decided to move to the United-States. At first he lived in Charleston, South Carolina where he built the first South Carolina State House and the Charleston Theater. Wanting wanted more opportunities and being able to build something bigger, Hoban decided to move to Philadelphia. As soon as he settled there he put an ad in the paper saying Any gentleman who wishes to build in an elegant style. (Heritage, p. 38). Then he helped build the first Bank of America. He was not fully credited for that project because he had to share it with Samuel Blodgett who helped design it. A major event in James Hoban’s life happened when he met the first American president, George Washington. Having met Washington did not bring anything great to his career until the President got fed up with French architect Enfant. That was good for Hoban’s career because Enfant was supposed to be the one to build the White House but because he was too slow Washington decided to fire him. We will write a custom essay sample on James Hoban specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on James Hoban specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on James Hoban specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After firing Enfant, George Washington created a contest to decide who was going to design the White House. Since Washington had met Hoban and liked him, he decided to invite him to take part of the contest. Hoban and 15 other contestants, including Thomas Jefferson, designed what they thought would be the perfect president house. Hoban ended up winning the contest. Washington was not pleased with any of the designs but thought that the one Hoban had drawn was the best. So Hoban started working with the president to design the perfect Presidential House. One of the changes Washington wanted Hoban to make was regarding the size of the house. President Washington wanted a big house. Once they agreed on the drawing, Hoban started the construction. But he had a problem: the basement had already been constructed by Enfant and it was way too big for the house Hoban had designed. [2] He found a solution and was able to build it anyways. Then when the House was almost finished, Washington’s term expired: he never got to live in the White House, even though he had been a big influence in it’s construction. Then President Adams was elected and he liked Hoban so much that he decided to give him a promotion and made him chief architect of the capitol. Then the White House was finally ready to move in. But Adams only stayed there for four months because Thomas Jefferson got elected. One of the first things he did as the President was to fire Hoban and name himself as the chief architect of the capitol. Some people say that it is because he was jealous about Hoban winning the contest, but we will never know. James Hoban was hired back when James Madison became president. And his task would be as big as the first one because he had to re-build the house after the English burned it. At first, Hoban thought he would not have to start from scratch since the base would already be there. But when he went to see the house he realized that he would have to build the whole house once again. Madison knew that he would never be able to live in it so he lost a bit of interest in the project. [3] But when President James Monroe got elected he decided that he wanted to move into the house as soon as possible. He gave Hoban a short deadline to complete the house. Hoban was confident that he could finish building the house before the deadline. That was before Monroe decided to move in the house even before it was completed. Making it even more difficult for Hoban to finish building it but he was finally able to complete it just a bit after the deadline. Within less than a year after the architect finished building the White House, Hoban passed away. He was buried at the St-Patrick Catholic church, which he had helped build. After what you have learned about the history of James Hoban, do you think he is the most important Irish architect ever? First, the White House is the oldest public building in Washington (Thornton). It has been renovated many times but it still has the same base upon which Hoban built it. It still has 2 rooms that have not even been touched since they were built. The White House is one of the most important buildings in the world, since it is the house of the President of the most important country in the world. Not only was James Hoban the White House architect, he encountered a lot of problems during construction. The White house is not the only building he designed. Here is a list of the other buildings he constructed or helped build: Prospect Hill Plantation, First Bank of the United States, McCleery House, The William Seabrook House, Baum-Taft House, Oak Hill, Rossenarra House, The First South Carolina State House, The Charleston Theatre, and St. Patrick’s Church. Probably the second most important building James Hoban helped build was the First Bank of the United-States. One of the reasons why that building rates second is that it still stands today. Most of the other buildings that he constructed or helped build have been demolished today. The Bank of America is something really symbolic because it was the first bank. I hope that this research paper helped you see how great James Hoban was. Personally I think that he was the greatest Irish architect ever. Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile. [2] Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile. [3] Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile.

The eNotes Blog Coverflip How Book Covers Differ by AuthorsGender

Coverflip How Book Covers Differ by AuthorsGender Author Maureen Johnson has had enough of gendered book covers. Just what is she talking about? Well, shes talking about books that look like this: Versus this: And yes, that is the same book in each picture. The first is what ended up in print, while the second imagines how the cover might have looked had the book written been by a man. Why the difference? Johnson gives a little insight into the sometimes unfair world of book publishing and marketing: The simple fact of the matter is, if you are a female author, you are much more likely to get the package that suggests the book is of a lower perceived quality. Because it’s â€Å"girly,† which is somehow inherentl  different and easier on the palate. A man and a woman can write books about the same subject matter, at the same level of quality,  and that woman is simple more likely to get the soft-sell cover with the warm glow and the feeling of smooth jazz blowing off of it. Think about it: have you ever seen a male author with a cover like the first one above? And before anybody reasons that female writers books look the way they do because they are specifically marketed towards women, I urge you to have a think on how condescending that sounds to women, and insulting to men who like books about and by women. (And I would also like to note that our own managing editor, a man, has read Bridget Jones Diary more times than probably any of you. So there.) Spurred by a plethora of notes from men asking her for less girly covers so that they could read her books, and endless frustrations with book publishers who give authors zero to no say in the final book cover (and sometimes in the final title), Johnson posed a challenge to her Twitter followers: take a book by an author of either gender and imagine it was written by the other. She received hundreds of picture responses within the first 24 hours. Heres an interesting sample: You can see more at Johnsons Huffington Post article and Twitter, if not for the coverflip images then for the amusing way Johnson is able to bang her head on a desk and deftly shame critics in one fell swoop. Interesting experiment, right? And somewhat of a sad look into the gender inequality in both book publishing and our society. Its worse than you thought it was. So, what book covers do you imagine looking different with an author of the opposite gender? And does a girly cover make you less likely to pick up that book? As always, wed love to hear your thoughts.

Avoiding Ice and Snow Damage to Trees

Avoiding Ice and Snow Damage to Trees Brittle tree species that retain dead, persistent winter leaves normally take the brunt of heavy icing after a winter storm. Knowing and managing your brittle trees and you can make it through a normal ice storm. Many of the elms, most true poplars (not yellow poplar), silver maples, birches, willows, and hackberry are tree species that simply cant handle the weight of the ice slurry coating their limbs, persistent leaves, and needles. They do well with the snows of the north but have problems in areas that have regular ice storms. Cold climate conifers like fir, spruce and hemlock can handle moderate icing. Southern yellow pines usually take a beating during major icing events that occur on the edge of their natural range. Brittle trees tend to be fast growers. Because of their desirable growth potential and the prospect of making quick shade, weak trees are sought out and planted by homeowners in late winter ice zones. Planting these trees will only exacerbate the problem of limb breakage during heavy icing. Fast-growing trees often develop weak, V-shaped crotches that easily split apart under the added weight of ice. Because these trees usually take some damage from storms throughout the year, internal rot, decay and included bark (some of which you cannot readily see) lead to weakened trunks and limbs (some callery pears). Multiple leader, upright evergreens, such as arborvitae and juniper, and multiple leader or clump trees, such as birch, are most subject to snow and ice damage. Smaller trees need to be wrapped and larger trees with wide-spreading leaders should be cabled in ice-prone areas. Here are things you can do in the yard or landscape to prevent ice damage: Plant Only Strong Trees in Your Landscape Certain trees are popular year in and year out for a reason - they show well and live well. Prefer these trees but eliminate those I have mentioned that door poorly in ice-prone regions.   Brittle Species Should Not Be Planted These species will not do well on sites where heavy ice and snow is a problem. Brittle species include elm, willow, box-elder, hackberry, true poplar and silver maple. Avoid Planting Species With Persistent Leaves Species  that hold their persistent leaves into late fall and early winter where early ice storms are common isnt a great idea. These trees are quickly damaged and removed where the ice storm is common. Wrap Small Multi-Leader Trees So you have a valuable, small specimen you want to preserve. If ice is predicted, secure the tree with strips of carpet, strong cloth or nylon stockings two-thirds of the way above the weak crotches. Always remove any wrapping during spring to avoid binding new growth and girdling limbs and trunk. Begin an Annual Pruning Program When Trees Are Young There is not much you can do with a weak crotch so use tip 4. Prune dead or weakened limbs and excessive branches from trunk and crowns. This reduces ice weight that can rapidly destroy the trees form. Hire a Professional Arborist The expense is worth it for particularly valuable susceptible or wide-spreading large trees. An arborist can strengthen a tree by installing cabling or bracing on weak limbs and split crotches. Favor Conical Formed Trees Trees like conifers, sweetgum or yellow poplar will be robust additions to your landscape. Species with less branch surface area, such as black walnut, sweetgum, ginkgo, Kentucky coffeetree, white oak, and northern red oak are preferred.

The Blue Wall of Silence and Police Culteral Term Paper

The Blue Wall of Silence and Police Culteral - Term Paper Example Their misconduct is not only tolerated but accepted and defended. Whistle in an important little instrument in the life of policemen but when he does not blow it against a fellow policeman who deserves to be reprimanded and punished he adds one more brick to â€Å"The Blue Wall of Silence.† The difference between the politician and the policeman is, the job of the former is for a fixed term, and the latter will render disservice to the people till the age of retirement. The saving grace for this harsh observation is the statement is not applicable to all. A microscopic minority of honest people exists amongst the police personnel as well and the rare find of a duty-conscious, law abiding police hero excites the Hollywood movie-makers. Police force works under tremendous pressure. In every case fast results are demanded by the aggrieved party, but being part of the law enforcing agency it has to follow the rules and while doing so, an investigating officer has pressure building at the back of his mind, that his actions and reporting are liable for legal scrutiny. The greatest bane of working in the police department is the political interference in their day to day functioning. Every accused person is a voter and expects that his elected representative comes to his rescue, even if one has committed an act of offence. To face demonstrations and protests of the people is part of their life and every police officer is suspect and corrupt from the perspective of the public. Police service is not like any other service. In some details it is tougher than the army service. The army personnel are generally busy and work under perilous circumstances in times of war. War ends, and their harsh responsibility is over to a great extent. For the policemen, the call of duty is 24x7 hours and they have to deal with different types of personalities, of varying temperaments. They face pressure constantly to solve cases with breakneck speed, and receive rebuke from higher authorities who sometimes want them to perform the impossible. In the discharge of their duties, some mistakes are committed and they are naturally inclined to go to the rescue of their colleagues, who stray from the path of law, rules and regulations applicable to the police force, resort to illegal brutality especially when dealing with the hardened criminals and repeat offenders. They have no misgivings about their stance and quote offences committed by people like taking bribes, stealing goods and money. Police officers have their own convention of defending their colleagues and taking them to task when necessary. Taking money or property in the form of bribes and kickbacks is viewed seriously, as they affect the morale of the department, and such offences are reported to the appropriate authorities for action. Policemen have also been awarded strict punishment on use of excessive force and also against practice of racism. In November, 2012, a federal jury in Chicago gave a judg ment in favor of a complainant and against the city on a claim that the city had a persistently prevalent custom or practice of shielding officers from citizen complaints. The suit had been brought by a female bartender who had been beaten by an off-duty officer. Such a practice was concealment and suppression of investigations into police misconduct and it was an unwritten â€Å"

Patient Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Patient Assessment - Essay Example His blood pressure was 150/98. Mentally the patient was disturbed by symptoms of disease that he had been experiencing for along time. He was also very stressed at work due to a busy schedule and had resulted to excessive drinking to address his mental problems. He is also disturbed by the fact the he cannot stop smoking. He is chain smoker. Socially the patient was stable as he showed that he integrated with people at the place of work and outside the work place. Being a manager, the patient interacted with a lot of people. He did no show any signs of social problems. He is a member of two social clubs. In the context of the society, the patient has a stable social life. He is contented with the position he holds in the society being a manager. His relationship with other societal members is also very stable. Using the Orem Model of nursing if assessed Mr. Parker to get more information about the development of type II diabetes. Using the following interpersonal skills, I was able to assess Mr. Parker further to get more information concerning his problem. I my assessment I was able to talk to Mr. Parker in a way that I showed him that there was a way out of the problem. Therapeutic communication in nursing dictates that you talk to the patient using constructive words which give the patient the hope to recover. The communication process should encourage the patient to the recovery path rather than portraying a doom about their conditions. Mr. Parker had a believer that his life would turn out to be very difficult since he had been diagnosed with a terminal diseases. To get more information about him in order to get the root cause of the disease I created a confidential atmosphere to Mr. Parker by assuring him that there was need to give me all his information in order for me to come up with the best nursing strategy for him to help him solve the problem of smoking and drinking. (b) Active listening To get more information from Mr. Parker, I had to listen to attentively and logically try to connect all the information that he gave me. As I listened to his story I realized that Mr. Parker's problems did no stop with excessive drinking and smoking. His problems went further to include nutritional problems and lack of physical exercises. I realized that being a manager, Mr. Parker was always busy from early morning to late hours working for his company. He lacked time to have physical activities and time to have healthy diets. Through active listening, I was able to gather all the information from him and at the same time related the information to get the root cause of his type II diabetes. (c) Conveying knowledge and information As we talked, I explained to Mr. Parker the relationship between his problems. I explained to him why he had developed the condition owing to his lack of exercises, lack of healthy diets, excessive drinking and smoking. I explained to him that eating junk foods leads to accumulation of fat in the body. Junk food contains

Discuss how Stevenson presents duality in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

Discuss how Stevenson presents duality in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay In this essay I will show how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented duality in his novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The novella is about a respectable gentleman, Dr Jekyll, and how, under the pressure of high society in Victorian England, experiments with potions to eventually come up with one that would turn him into Mr Hyde, a disreputable and evil man. Written in 1886, the novella was based around the pressure to be respectable that Robert Louis Stevenson himself felt in high society of the Victorian era. It was also influenced by scandals of the time such as Deacon Brodie. Brodie, who suffered from gambling debts, was a cabinet maker for people in the higher class. To try and pay off his debts he would break into the cabinets that he had sold and steal the valuables inside. This fits into the story of Jekyll and Hyde since Jekyll is a nice, respectable gentleman who turns into an evil, lower class man, Hyde. There was also a growing awareness of chemistry and psychology at the time the novella was written. Sigmund Freud, a famous chemist and psychologist, convinced people that duality did exist in humans that in one person there could be both good and evil, such as in Jekyll and Hyde, who were the same person, with the help of a potion, but Jekyll was good and Hyde evil. Since the novella was written in 1886 it was targeted at Victorian people. When it was first published it sold around 40,000 copies, mainly to the higher classes of Victorian England. They would have seen it as a twist on a horror book. The Victorians were into gothic books, except that they were always set in foreign countries and in the past. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde differs to these stories since it was set in London and in the then present day. In 1888, Jack the Ripper surfaced in the newspapers. This would not only have boosted the sales of Stevensons novella but would have been connected to it. Both the former and the latter ideas are because of the rumour that went around England at the time that Jack the Ripper was someone of upper class and respectable by day but commit atrocious murders by night, like the duality of Jekyll and Hyde. Duality appears throughout the novella, including the characters. Mr Utterson is a lawyer and good friend of Henry Jekyll. of a rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty This description of Mr Utterson, from the first page, portrays him to be a grumpy man, with sharp features on his face, who doesnt get on with anybody and who would drink on his own. However: somehow loveable. This quote, again from the first page, shows the duality of the book since Utterson is described to be miserable and yet everybody loves him. This is enforced by the adjective lovable since this word implies that he is pretty easy to get on with and he isnt just liked by those who know and get on with him, instead he is loved. The quotes convey that no matter what someones demeanour they can still be kind and popular. This introduces the theme of duality for the reasons said above. I let my brother go to the devil in his own way. Being a lawyer, Mr Utterson is supposed to help others in any way he can, however, this metaphor is telling the reader that no matter how much he could do for someone, Utterson doesnt really care about them. This portrays Robert Louis Stevensons idea of duality. least save his creditI shall be back before midnight, when we shall send for the police. This quote shows duality since Utterson himself said that he would let his brother go to the devil in his own way, yet here he is trying to save the reputation of one of his very good friends, Jekyll. To do this though, the good, honourable, respectable, law abiding lawyer does not send for the police as soon as he and Poole, Dr Jekylls butler, discover the dead body of a certain Mr Edward Hyde lying on Jekylls cabinet floor. Instead, he goes home for two hours to read the letters that both Dr Lanyon, another good friend of both Utterson and Jekyll, and Jekyll left for him to read on the disappearance or death of Henry Jekyll. It also shows duality in that Utterson is a lawyer, who should go to the police but doesnt. in case of disappearanceread the name Gabriel John Utterson. This quote shows duality because as Utterson finds, and reads, Jekylls Last Will and Testament, Utterson, to his own amazement, reads his name instead of Hydes. This shows duality since Utterson is down as the last good friend of Dr Henry Jekyll, who would become disreputable and a big scandal if any one were to find out what he did. Dr Lanyon is another character in the novella, and a good friend of Jekyll and Utterson. This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red faced gentleman with a shock of hair prematurely white. This quote portrays Lanyon to be a friendly, upper class gentleman who has plenty to drink. However, later on in the novella, Stevenson describes Lanyon: The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older This quote and the latter, reveals the duality between them since in the first quote he is described as being healthy and in the second as being on his death bed. The reader would want to know what has happened in such a short time to make this change in Lanyon appear so suddenly because he saw Hyde mix the potion, take a drink, and turn to Jekyll in front of his very own eyes all of which is revealed in the second to last chapter Dr Lanyons Narrative. To get the potions to Hyde however, Jekyll had to get Lanyon to steal for him. The very idea of Jekyll wanting another respectable gentleman breaking in and stealing the potions for him and Hyde would have been a very big scandal if Lanyon was caught, and Lanyon would go from respectable gentleman to disrespectable in a few hours. Stevensons novella is all about Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. the doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners This shows how Jekyll is popular among the upper class, among his friends, and rich enough to hold dinners. The adverb pleasant conveys to the audience that everyone Jekyll invited got on with each other and it reinforces the idea that Jekyll is rich since he can hold dinners and provide nice food. sat Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick. This quote describes Jekyll sitting in his large cabinet room, after the death of sir Danvers Carew. It reveals how Jekyll is feeling remorse for knowing, or as the reader later finds out, for being Mr Hyde who was identified as the murderer of Carew. It portrays how Jekyll regrets his actions and wishes, to get away from the pressures of high society life in Victorian England. 8th of January Utterson had dined at the doctorsOn the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer. This reference conveys to the audience the duality in the novella, since four days after Utterson had seen Jekyll, and dined with him and Dr Lanyon, he was being denied entry to Jekylls house. This shows the duality since Jekyll was so ill that he couldnt stand up to greet Utterson when Utterson went to see him, before being fine and healthy enough to hold a dinner party and then not allowing anyone into his house to see him all of a sudden without anybody knowing why. born in 18__ to a large fortune This quote portrays how Henry Jekyll recognises how he was born into a rich family. The adjectives large and fortune suggests he was born into a highly respected family, something that was of high importance in Victorian England. It shows how he didnt have to work hard for the position in society that he was in, only keep up his appearances with others of his class. worst of my faults was a certain gaiety of disposition, such as made the happiness of many This reference shows that Jekyll felt money wasnt everything. He felt that where it made most men content, it didnt make him happy. It conveys to the reader how he wants to be happy, although where he is in life and society wasnt making his wishes come true. We learn later in the novella how this wish brings him to start mixing formulas that would eventually turn him into Mr Hyde. found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high The quote above portrays how, although Jekyll wants to be happy, he believes the only way would be one that was irreputable. However, he does not wish to lose his place in the upper class of society and he does not wish to lose his friends, both of which would happen if he did what he desired to do to become happier. This therefore is what led Jekyll to create the potion, as well as the written version of events, for Utterson to read, in Henry Jekylls full statement of the case where Dr Jekyll writes his version, and the truth of what happened in the last months of his life. Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures This reveals how Jekyll had been hiding secrets since before creating the mixture that would turn him to Hyde, hiding what it was that was making him happy. The verb concealed tells the reader that Jekyll was being very careful about his pleasures. It conveys the importance of nobody finding out about Jekylls secret more than if Stevenson had written the verb hid instead. already committed to a profound duplicity of life. This conveys one of the themes in the novella, the theme of duplicity, and how it is not only in the settings and the characters but that the characters knew about it. We know this because of the adjective duplicity portraying to the reader how Jekyll has two lives, however different they are. morbid sense of shame. This quote reveals how although Jekyll wanted to be happy, he is ashamed of how his life has turned out. The alliteration of the s sound in sense and shame enforces the idea, in the readers mind, that he is ashamed of being Mr Hyde, of what he has done and is still doing as Mr Hyde and that both of these irreputable things are making him happy. not truly one, but truly two. This does not reveal duality within the story, rather in the themes of the novella. It indicates the views of Dr Jekyll that in one man, there is both good and evil, one of the themes. Jekyll describes how good and evil are different parts of the soul, and that good conquers evil in a raging war within the soul, and that is what makes a man good. flushed as I was with hope and triumph, to venture in my new shape As this quote conveys, Stevenson has written about how someone can be addicted to drugs. It shows that even someone of high stature can become addicted, in this case Dr Jekyll. Jekyll is addicted to how he can do what he wants as Mr Hyde, without losing any of his own stature, rather than do the respectable things he would have to do as himself to be happy. It reveals duality in the fact that a respectable gentleman such as Jekyll can be addicted to the painful pangs and nausea the mixture makes him feel, whilst turning into Hyde. Edward Hyde is often portrayed animal-like. like a monkey jumped up from among the chemicals. This quote makes the reader imagine a monkey like creature jumping up upon hearing Poole, Jekylls butler, coming towards Jekylls cabinet. It creates the picture of Hyde being small, dumpy, and hairy and as having very long arms, whilst showing duality since Hyde is a man not a monkey. The other snarled aloud into a savage laugh In this quote the adjective snarled gives the image of Hyde as a savage beast, again being portrayed as some sort of animal. It also conveys how Hyde is an evil person, since someone who is portrayed as being a savage cannot be any good, and this would have been the view of people in Victorian England. Stevenson has used language to paint a picture of what Hyde might look like in the readers mind. so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running. This reference, again, allows the reader to imagine what Hyde looks like. It conveys how the other characters react to Hyde, that they all feel an air of deformity whenever they see him or speak to him, and that he looks so ugly, so mean that they feel uneasy around him. All of the latter three quotes show duality since Hyde is portrayed as being a small and ugly man with the impression of being deformed somewhere on his body. He is also conveyed as a mean, evil person via the descriptive language used by Stevenson. This is in contrast to Jekyll, since Jekyll is a respected gentleman and doctor of chemistry, who is regularly invited to dinner parties hosted by other well respected people in society. He is also taller, thinner and older than Hyde. All of the characters who meet Hyde in the novella seem to act in the same way towards him. This conveys to the reader just how unlikeable Hyde is. This is important to the story because it shows how everybody thinks him an evil man. It helps show the duality between Jekyll and Hyde. However, it isnt just the characters that show duality within Stevensons Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It is also revealed in the settings the weather and the buildings and also in the narrative structure. The doorneither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. Tramps slouched This quote portrays the quality of the door that Hyde uses to enter Dr Jekylls house and grounds. This is in contrast to the front of Jekylls house: which wore a great air of wealth and comfort This portrays an image of what Jekylls house looks like from the front a grand house whose owner is wealthy and of a high social class. The latter quote also shows duality with Hydes house in Soho. showed him a dingy street This quote portrays what kind of area Hydes house is in. In the Victorian era, Soho was poverty stricken and full of prostitution, although there is no indication that Hyde was into prostitution and gambling (other than Jekyll turning into Hyde because doing respectable things did not make him happy). It shows the difference between Jekylls big, respectable house in a respectable of London and Hydes dingy flat on a polluted street in the centre of London. An ivory faced and silvery haired woman This quote describes the Soho house landlady (or Hydes landlady). When the reader reads this they presume she is a nice friendly woman. However: She had a smooth face, smoothed by hypocracy shows duality in contrast with the quote before. It shows how a nice old lady may look nice but in fact can be evil, someone who doesnt like herself. I say evil because later in the chapter The Carew Murder Case she is excited and delighted by the idea of Hyde being in trouble with the police. Hydes house in Soho is, to Uttersons surprise, well furnished. furnished with luxury and good taste This conveys duality with how the house looks on the outside. With Soho being a dodgy area in Victorian England, and the street being described as dingy, the reader first imagines a poor, poverty filled room, not a luxury, well furnished house. London is also shown in a dual nature. down a by street in a busy quarter of London. The street was small and what is called quiet. This quote shows duality in how although a street is in a busy area of London, off a busy main street; it is actually very quiet (it would be expected to be busy if its off a main street). Stevenson has even included duality in the weather. cool and a little damp, and full with premature twilight,still bright with sunset. This quote conveys duality to the reader since Jekylls courtyard is described at the beginning of the quote that it is cold and looks as though it is around the time frame of dusk. However, the later half of the quote explains, it is in fact still sunny (nearing sunset) and so in theory Jekylls courtyard should be quite light. A fog rolled over the city early part of the night was cloudless. This reveals duality because it shows how the night was cloudless, until the fog came in. the adjective rolled gives the impression that the fog came swiftly, rather than slowly. About nine in the morning number of degrees and hues of twilight dark like the back end of evening This quote conveys to the reader that whatever time of day it is in Soho, it still looks like its dark, like it is night. This quote shows the duality of the weather by giving the time of day and describing what it looked like. The fog described is more likely to be smog from the factories, since the novella is set in the Victorian times. However, it does cast an eerie effect on the image conjured in the readers mind, would have made them think something sinister was about to happen. There are many locked doors in Stevensons novella. This symbolises how secretive the story is, Utterson hypothetically being stopped solving the mystery of Jekyll and Hyde, by doors not able to be opened until another section of the mystery is found, and the actual looked doors that Jekyll shuts himself up behind. The narrative structure also shows duality since in the first seven chapters the narrative is third person. resumed the lawyer. This shows the third person narrative structure of The Last Night. However, the last two chapters are written in first person, Dr Lanyons Narrative is written by Lanyon from his point of view and tells of what he knows about Jekyll and Hyde, and explains the cause of his death. The last chapter is also in first person, however this is from the perspective of Dr Jekyll himself, who explains everything that had happened. I rose from my place These show duality because the first seven chapters, although written in third person, are all about Utterson and what he does to try and unravel the mystery between Jekyll and Hyde. They also show Uttersons thoughts and feelings. The chapters are all arranged to follow what happens to Utterson and the titles are all to do with what happens within the chapter itself (and give a clue to what the chapter is about). The last two are in the order they are because that way Lanyon doesnt repeat what the reader knows from reading Jekylls chapter, if they were the other way around. In this essay I have shown how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented the theme of duality in his novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. I have achieved this by analysing the language of the text that describes the characters, weather, buildings and the narrative structure.

Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later

Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later Teenage drinking is something that goes on every day. No matter how many videos you show to kids about drinking they will still drink. Surveys show that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; that's more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents don't know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say "oh, my my kid would never do that ", and they're the ones whose kids probably drink more that the average teen. One might ask, how do kids get alcohol? Alcohol is almost as easy to get as a carton of milk, except a teen has to get someone older like a friend, brother or even someone off of the street to purchase it. Another way underage teens get alcohol is a fake I.D. A lot of stores don't care, they just need to ask for an I.D. because they are being watched by security cameras. No matter what city your are in, one in every five stores will sell beer to a minor. If stores stop selling t o minors they would lose a lot of business. Looking at the surveys I took at Lincoln on this topic it can been seen what teens think about teenage drinking. The results were shocking! The first Question I asked was "Have you ever drank alcohol?" Of the students surveyed, 16% said no and 84% said yes. The second question was, "How often do you drink?" The results were on the average three to four drinks a week. The third question was, "How much do you usually drink?" The average number of beers was eight and the average number of shots was seven. The fourth question was, "Have you ever drank alcohol before driving and 68% said yes! One of the last questions I asked was, "What would you do if you killed someone drinking and driving?" The majority replied that they could not live with themselves. Just through talking to people and going to parties, I have seen most people drink to get drunk, not many people drink just a drink or two. Many students don't feel that drinking is a crime be cause they are not hurting any one unless they are driving drunk. Drinking is a crime and there are many penalties for the teen who chooses to break the law. For a first time offender a teen would be taken to jail , finger printed, and photographed. At the time of arrest, if drunk, one could be taken to detoxification (detox) ... ...His mother is a recovering alcoholic so he was familiar with what happened when he would lose control when he drank. His mother was very aware of the signs. His grades went down, he started skipping classes, he lied to his mother, he was hanging out with friends who drank a lot and were always in trouble. Fortunately, he was given a second chance and he is in a program that is helping him recover. Teen drinking and alcoholism can be treated if treatment is started early. There is no known cure for alcoholism, but alcoholics can lead productive lives with help. There are many organizations that can help alcoholics such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). and Rational Recovery Systems. There are also organizations that promote abstinence from drinking such as S.A.D.D. (Students Against Drunk Driving) and M.A.D.D. (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). It is important for parents to be aware of what their children are doing and who their friends are. Teenagers need to continue to be educated on the effects of alcohol and the dangerous situations it causes. Sources: #1. 1994 Monitoring the Future survey #2. Class notes Bibliography #1. 1994 Monitoring the Future survey #2. Class notes

Are humans naturally good or naturally evil Essay

Are humans naturally good or naturally evil? Paul Bloom’s (psychologist) answer is yes. Most adults know wrong from right, for the excep*on of psychos. The heroes who come to the rescue, the ones that are disappointed, by some of the things that occur in our society and the act of kindness. There is a push to make the wrongdoers pay for what they commi-ed, help the needy, also emo*onal responses that revolve around morality. Research in laboratories, prove the claim that sense of good and evil are bred in the bone. Babies and toddlers can judge others ac*ons based on whether they are evil or good. They feel the same way about evil and bad and react the same way as adults. They also like Nikki Daniel 2/12/14 1st current event of quarter 3 per 2 those who do too. Based on their behavior, their judgments and ac*ons we can tell what they like and dislike. There is limit to morality. Babies start slow and then start seeing themselves as a group. Most humans obtain general moral ideas. Our ac*ons fall low compare to our moral principles. Communica*ng with people with the same morals and values as you is a big part of growing up to be a good person. This research might change the way that many people feel about their babies and children. Some think babies are bad seeds others think they are psychopaths. Our surrounding can change our natural moral senses. Understanding moral psychology can make the world a be-er place. The Nikki Daniel 2/12/14 1st current event of quarter 3 per 2 science of baby morality is all about human natures best and worst. It is actually pre-y goal that babies and li-le kids can tell the di5erence between good from bad. I think with people with be-er morality, the world would be a be-er place. Many people believe in one thing and do something completely di5erent. I learned something new. Honestly, I thought babies’ brain was like a size of a peanut and did not know right from wrong. I knew they could sense when someone is a good person or bad person but I did not know about all of this.

Compare the Characters of Ralph and Jack. Essay

How does Golding influence the reader’s responses to his characters? In the beginning of Lord of the Flies, Ralph is aware of the fact that he is on a deserted island, but is in a sort of daydream. He’s very rude and immature towards Piggy and acts awkwardly towards Piggy, as if there was no one else on the island. â€Å"This is an island. At least I think it’s an island.† The author tells in that line that Ralph is possibly in a daydream and can’t tell fantasy from reality. When it is only Ralph and Piggy at the start, he is rather lazy, sleepy and quick tempered, but not the least bit worried about being abandoned on an unknown island. â€Å"Now the shell was no longer a thing seen but not to be touched.† Ralph discovers the conch, which’s something that interests him but doesn’t know what it is so he turns to Piggy for knowledge. Ralph realizes that the conch is something valuable just by looking at it, but doesn’t know that it is very significant and would become the symbol of his future leadership. â€Å"The creature was a party of boys marching approximately in step in two parallel lines and dressed in strangely eccentric clothes.† The author places the reader in Ralph’s body so that they see everything he seeing. This gives us an insight into Ralph’s mind, which influence our views about him. Jack appears wearing a ‘cap badge’ and a cloak, which tells the reader that Jack has some type of hierarchy, he is the one leading the choir and they all seem to obey him. The author description of Jack is very unappealing and devilish, and through the description of his eyes we can work out that he probably very short tempered. As soon as he meets Piggy he starts bullying him and putting him down, as if he’s already organized in his mind who should speak and who shouldn’t. â€Å"He’s not fatty,’ cried Ralph, â€Å"his real name’s Piggy.† Ralph defends Piggy because he feels sorry for him, but makes the situation worse by being careless and breaking his promise. Ralph suggests that the children should have a chief because he wants to bring law order to the island. When they are voting for a leader Jack exclaims that he should be chief as if it were a natural thought for him because he comes from a private school, where as Ralph is middle classed, therefore he probably attended a grammar school education. Ralph wins the election, although the choir votes for Jack unhappily, because of his leadership characteristics and mainly due to the blowing of the conch. â€Å"The choir belongs to you of course.† Ralph tries to make peace with Jack after the voting and reminds him that he still in charge of the choir, and this shows that he has got natural leadership qualities although he doesn’t know how lead yet. Jack meets his first hurdle in becoming a savage when he has to cut the throat of a pig but his ideas of civilization prevents him from doing so. Jack has still has sanity in the beginning and agrees with the making of rules, but doesn’t intend to keep them because he wants to punish people and have fun by destroying things in the process. The author introduces the idea of there being a snake on the island, which the little children observe at night, which is slightly in contrast to the Garden of Eden where a snake is the symbol of evil. â€Å"There isn’t a snake thing. But if there was a snake we’d hunt it and kill it.† The author doesn’t actually let us see into Jack’s mind but from the outside we know that he is very cunning and clever, by turning situations to his advantage. He tries to get power by offering protection to the little children and increasing their confidence in him, so that they would support him and not Ralph. â€Å"The conch doesn’t count on top the mountain.† Here Jack is undermining the conch and its importance to annoy and re-establish his assumed superiority over Piggy. Also this way he is attacking Ralph at the same time, because the conch is the main reason why Ralph gets elected. Jack wants everyone else to obey the rules, but doesn’t keep to them and therefore is very hypocritical about what he says and does. He knows the smaller children want to have fun and uses that to his advantage by fooling around and bullying Piggy. The author describes Jack as a sprinter and gives him the characteristics of native hunter when he is in the forest, and gives him animal forms turning from ‘dog-like’ to ‘ape-like’, which gives the reader the impression that Jack is animal and no longer a human. When Jack goes after the pigs you can tell that he is more determined than ever because the author puts in ‘the promise of meat’, which tells the reader that he has gained the hunter’s instinct. When Ralph and Jack interact again they almost get into an argument, but then they talk about the â€Å"little’uns† and open up their feelings to each other and end up agreeing on the construction of the shelters, although Jack is thinking about killing a pig first and not on being rescued, while talking. â€Å"He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger.† Jack paints his face, gets some leaves for his new mask, because he wants to look like savage and the twins, Bill and Roger become frightened of him so he gains a certain control over them. Some of the older boys now enjoy hunting, killing pigs for their meat and boasting about how they participated. The author is making Jack the snake and its like he’s luring them to eat the forbidden fruit, which means there also turning into savages as well. Ralph starts to protect Piggy, this is due to the fact Jack inflicted bodily harm on Piggy. He starts to side with Piggy even when Jack apologized, because he knows that Piggy is being victimized too much. He realizes the importance of Piggy’s brains and has support him to maintain authority. â€Å"Jack, Simon, Maurice, most of the hunters, on Ralph’s right; the rest on the left.† The group has basically separated into two groups, Jack and his loyal hunters and Piggy and the little’uns. This is a very important incident as Jack can now put down Ralph’s authority because he has the backing of half the group. Ralph boosts his authority by giving orders to everyone and starts to plan a decent environment to live in, but Jack is still stirring up trouble. The author has been clever about creating intensity because he has brought in two different characters, which are complete opposites of each other. On coming on the island, Jack already leads the choir, wants to be chief and doesn’t get elected, while on the other hand Ralph doesn’t know anyone, has no wish to be leader but becomes leader and has to mould into the role of being a leader. The author also shows how Jack changes from being civilized to turning into a primitive savage and how other boys follow him. Ralph learns a lot from his mistakes and adjusts so that he can uphold his position. The author also lets us see Ralph innermost thought so we know what type of person he is, but we only get to view Jack from the outside, which influences are sympathy towards Ralph. He also introduces the ‘snake-thing’, which is linked to the Garden of Eden and always gives the reader a sense of evil. The first five chapters are in complete contrast to the book Coral Island, which is a book about children who help each other out, when they are left on a desert island.

The Definition of a Dermal Denticle

The Definition of a Dermal Denticle Dermal denticles (placoid scales) are tough scales that cover the skin of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). Even though denticles are similar to scales, they are actually just modified teeth and are covered with hard enamel. These structures are packed tightly together and grow with their tips facing backward, giving the skin a rough feel if you run your finger from tail to head, and a smooth feel from head to tail. What Dermal Denticles Do The main function of these denticles is for protection against predators, kind of like a naturally occurring  chainmail armor, although in some sharks they have a hydrodynamic function. The denticles reduce turbulence and drag which allows the shark to swim faster and covertly. Some swimsuit manufacturers are trying to replicate sharks denticles in swimsuit material in order to help swimmers cut through the water faster.   Like our teeth, dermal denticles have an inner core of pulp (made up of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves), covered by a layer of dentine (hard calcareous material). This is covered with an enamel-like vitrodentine, which provides a hard outer casing. While scales in bony fish grow as the fish gets large, dermal denticles stop growing after they reach a certain size. More denticles are added later as the fish grows.

Julian Abele

Julian Abele Julian Abele (born April 29, 1881 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, according to the University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center) is best known in Durham, North Carolina as the architect of the Duke University campus. The story of Julian Francis Abele is not rags-to-riches but a tale of hard work and dedication. In college Abele called himself Willing and Able. A brilliant and accomplished student, Abele became the first Black graduate of the University of Pennsylvanias School of Architecture. Although not Americas first architect of color, Julian Abele was one of the first prominent Black architects in America, finding success with the Philadelphia architecture firm led by Horace Trumbauer. The Duke University Chapel may be Abeles most famous building. Died: April 23, 1950 in Philadelphia Education, Training, and Professional Life: Institute for Colored Youth and Brown Preparatory School, Philadelphia1898: Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art1902: B.A. in Arch. - University of Pennsylvania1902-1903: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts; worked for Philadelphia architect Louis C. Hickman while in school1903-1905: traveled to Western US, worked on a house for his sisters family, Elizabeth Rebecca Abele Cookcirca 1905: three years of travel in Europe and study in France1906: began work for Horace Trumbauer; became chief designer in 1909 until Trumbauers death in 1938. The Office of Horace Trumbauer continued under the leadership of its principals, Julian Abele and William O. Frank1942: Admitted to the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Notable Buildings as Trumbauers Chief Designer: 1909-1912: James Buchanan Duke House, New York Cityc. 1912: Frank P. Mitchell house (Argentine Embassy), Washington, DC1915: Miramar (The George D. Widener Cottage), Newport, RI1915: Widener Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA1921: Whitemarsh Hall, Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania1925: Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA1927: Central Library, Free Library of Philadelphia, PA1928: James B. Clews Residence, Long Island, NY1930: Perkins Library, Duke University West Campus, Durham, North Carolina1935: Duke University Chapel, West Campus, Durham, North Carolina1938: Duke University Dormitories, West Campus, Durham, NC1940: Cameron Indoor Stadium, Duke University West Campus, Durham, NC At the turn of the twentieth century, many American architects made a good living building Great Homes of the Gilded Age. Horace Trumbauers commission to build a New York City estate for tobacco tycoon James B. Duke really paid off with the much larger projects at Duke University, where Julian Abele made his mark in architecture. Personal Life: 1925: Married to Marguerite Bulle, a French musician; three children, Julian, Jr., Marguerite Marie (died in childhood), and Nadia Boulanger. The marriage dissolved by 1936 when the younger Marguerite became involved with another musician. They never divorced.Julian, Jr. and Abeles sisters child, Julian Abele Cook (1904 - 1986), both became architects Duke University Architecture: In 1892 Trinity College moved 70 miles east to Durham, North Carolina and the Duke family began funding campus building. By 1924, the Duke Endowment was established and Trinity College transformed into Duke University. The original East Campus was renovated with Georgian-style buildings, after the Collegiate Georgian Architecture popular at other universities. Beginning in 1927 a West Campus was added, built in a Gothic-revival architectural style also popular at large, established Ivy League institutions. Architecture was used to bring students, faculty, and prestige to the new Duke institution - if it looked like a university, it must be one. The Philadelphia architecture firm led by Horace Trumbauer began the transformation of Trinity into Duke. Trumbauers head designer Julian Abele, along with William O. Frank, tackled the Duke projects from 1924 to 1958. The pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance of Abeles designs is the iconic Duke Chapel, which became the centerpiece of the West Campus. Collegiate Gothic style is a revival of 12th century Gothic architecture, with soaring ceilings, pointed arches, and flying buttresses. For Dukes Chapel, begun in 1930, Abele employed modern building techniques and materials to eliminate the need to buttress the walls. Steel trusses and structural Guastavino ceramic tile gave strength to the 210 foot structure, while local volcanic Hillsborough bluestone distinguished the distinctive facade of the neo-Gothic design. The Chapel tower, modeled after Englands Canterbury Cathedral, became a prototype for many of the future towers of Duke University. Olmsted landscape architects, from the prestigious firm founded by Frederick Law Olmsted, were employed to create a walkable campus, connecting the architecture with the surrounding natural beauty. If the intent of Duke was to rival the great universities of the northeast, this twentieth century campus, designed in part by a prominent Black architect, accomplished the task. In the Words of Julian Abele: The shadows are all mine. - commenting on the unsigned architectural drawings for the Gothic Revival Duke University Chapel, Duke University Archives Learn More: Out of the Shadows by Susan E. Tifft, Smithsonian Magazine, February 2005Philadelphia Area Architecture of Horace Trumbauer (Images of America) by Rachel Hildebrandt and the Old York Road Historical Society, 2009American Splendor: The Residential Architecture of Horace Trumbauer by Michael C. Kathrens, rev. 2012Duke University: An Architectural Tour by John M. Bryan, 2000Duke University: An Architectural Tour (The Campus Guide) by Ken Friedlein and John Pearce, 2015Friends of Julian Abele Park, Philadelphia, PA Sources: Penn Biographies, University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center; Julian F. Abele, Architect, Free Library of Philadelphia; Biography and Projects from the American Architects and Buildings database, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia; Dukes Architecture, Office of the University Architect, Duke University; Black U.S. Architect Designed a Bond with Argentina, IIP Digital, Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State; Frank P. Mitchell House, African American Historic Places Database, National Trust for Historic Preservation; History, The Building at http://chapel.duke.edu/history/building, Duke University Chapel. Websites accessed April 3-4, 2014.

Clinical Map for Success, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clinical Map for Success, - Essay Example Secondly, finding a placement at the right location seems to be a bit of a problem for me. I have been relatively choosy when it comes to the location for the institution that I intend to be attached to. I have been avoiding those in distant or remote places for the sake of my convenience. One measure that I hope to take while seeking a preceptor and place for placement is highlighting my learning objectives. By providing learning objectives that mesh with the objectives of the course and the areas of expertise of my potential preceptor and place of placement, I hope that my chances of success will significantly improve. I also intend to be less choosy with regard to location so as to boost my chances of success. What I like about this process is that it makes me learn more about the importance of choosing the right preceptor and sites for placement. This is because the key to gaining the right experience depends on how well a student chooses a clinical placement. However, what I would like to share with other about what made me successful is that I relied much on the preceptors and sites to get the right clinical placement that fits my passion. Regarding my restrictions, I would like my peers to understand that I prefer taking my placements in an institution within an urban center rather than rural

The murder case against Lizzie Borden Research Paper - 1

The murder case against Lizzie Borden - Research Paper Example Her older sister’s name was Emma Lenora who was the daughter of Sarah and Andrew. Emma Lenora was born on 1 March 1851. At the age of two, Lizzie’s mother caught uterine congestion and passed away. After her mother’s death, Lizzie’s father got married to another woman named Abby Durfee. â€Å"In 1884 when Andrew gave his wifes half-sister a house, his daughters objected and fought with their stepmother, refusing thereafter to call her "mother" and calling her simply "Mrs. Borden" instead† (Lewis, 2013). Lizzie was the patient of psychomotor epilepsy that causes the temporal lobe to be seized with a symptom. The patient of psychomotor epilepsy is able to execute the actions in the state of a dream, and is yet aware of all the actions without knowing what he/she is doing. As a result of this, Lizzie developed two personalities that were entirely different from each other; one, she was a sweet daughter, and another, as a mean daughter. As a sweet daughter, Lizzie was a brilliant conversationalist as well as a member of the Congressional Church. As a mean daughter, Lizzie was very resentful of the patriarchy. The family’s contradiction regarding the social statuses explained the development of these two personalities by Lizzie. In addition to this, Lizzie was also habitual of stealing things from the local merchants. J. Borden and his wife got murder while they were in their family home on 4 August 1892. It was a hot day. The Borden family’s maid was resting in her bed after she had washed the outside windows. The time was 11 o’ clock. Lizzie Borden was heard crying asking her elder sister Maggie to come down as she had discovered her father’s dead body. The body of her father had been hacked almost to the point that he could not be recognized. Almost half an hour later, after her father’s body had been discovered, Adelaide Churchill discovered the dead body of Abby Borden, Lizzie’s

Managing Decision Making and decision support Essay - 2

Managing Decision Making and decision support - Essay Example c) The inability of Morse to handle its end-user computing is a structure problem. There company understands the problem and it is recurrent occurrence. There are solutions and potential paths the company can choose to solve the problem if they are willing to invest resources to obtain the solution to the problem. a) The communication model Morse adopted with its SPMT management is a wheel communication model with the SPMT serving as hub control mechanism. There is small liberty to make decision, but the managerial staff in particular the CEO has a lot of power over the decision making. b) The communication and decision making model at Morse has not worked because at times people without the knowledge are getting involved in matters they do not understand. The IT department is a perfect example how defective the decision making model is at Morse. c) Groupthink was not effective at Morse because the staff did not listen to each others ideas and the head of the managers were too confrontational. This caused bad decision making in this organization. d) Group think can have detrimental effects at the ability of a group arriving at a decision because it ignores the objectives, limits the alternatives, reduces the ability to identify and incorporates biases into the decision. a) Process losses of group decision making include: unequal verbal contribution, coordination problems, airtime fragmentation, attenuation blocking, concentration blocking, power relationship issues, socializing, domination and information overload. Information overload means too much data is entering into a meeting without any real evaluation. Unequal verbal contribution means one or two member utilize all the time to expose their ideas while other are not contributing anything. b) At Morse various process losses occurred. Domination occurred against the initiatives of the IT staff as well as information overload from the IT staff to the rest of the managers. There

The Fencing Problem | Mathematics Problem

The Fencing Problem | Mathematics Problem The Fencing Problem. A farmer has exactly 1000 metres of fencing and wants to fence off a plot of level land. She is not concerned about the shape of the plot, but it must have a perimeter of 1000m. Which shape, with a perimeter of 1000m has the maximum possible area? Let us start off with a isosceles triangles. The area of an isosceles triangle can be computed by using the Area=  ½ base x height formula.   Let us start of with the equilateral triangle. Then each side has length 1000/3=333.4. We need to calculate the height. For this we use trigonometry. The height(h) divides the triangle in two identical right angles. All the angles are equal and add up to 180 ° so angle C is 60 °. Then,   since, tan C= height/adjacent we have that height=tanC x adjacent So area of triangle is  ½ x 166.67 x 333.34 x tan 60 = 48114.4 Next suppose we shorten the base so that it’s 300 m in length. Then the other two sides are 350 m each.   Here we don’t know the angles but we can use Pythagoras’ theorem to obtain the height. We get 150^2+h^2=350^2 which means h^2= 350^2-150^2=100000 and h=316.2 So area of triangle is  ½ x 300 x 316.2=47434.2 Next we shorten the base consecutively another four times and perform the same calculation. The results are displayed in the table below. Base m Side m Area m^2 334.34 333.34 48114.4 300 350 47434.2 250 375 44194.2 200 400 38729.8 150 425 31374.8 100 450 22360.7 It is clear from the table that the area decreases and that the equilateral triangle has the largest area. Next we consider rectangles. A square with a perimeter of 1000 m has sides of length 250 m and thus the area   250250=62 500 squared meters. Let us stretch the square by 25 meters to 275. To keep the 1000 m perimeter the horizontal sides shorten to 225. The area is 275225=61875. We repeat this procedure and show the results in the table below. Hight m Width m Area m^2 250 250 62000 275 225 61875 300 200 60000 325 175 56875 350 150 52500 375 125 46875    We can see that the squre has the greatest area and that the area decrases as the square is stretched. We can see that the area would eventually be zero as the wiidth gets smaller and smaller and close to zero. Also we see that the the square has a greater area than the triangle. Let us examine shapes with more sides to see if the area increases. Thus we should calculate the agrea of a   regular pentagon.   It can be divided into 5 isosceles triangles with each of the sides as a base. Using the same procedure as when we calculated the area of the equilateral triangle we can calculte the area of the triangle in the pentagon. Multiplying by 5 we get the area of the pentagon. Each side has length 1000/5= 200. The angle at the centre is 360/5=72. As this is an isosceles triangle we get that the other two angles are (180-72)/2=54. So height=tan54 x 100 and the area of the triangle is  ½ 200 x tan 54 x 100=13763.8. Now we need to multiply by 5 to get the area of the triangle. We get Area= 68819.1 m This is bigger than the square. Let us construct a formula for the general n-sided polygon. The length od each side is 1000/n. The central angle is 360/n. So the other two angles are (180-360/n)/2 which simplifies to   90 –180/n. That gives the formula for the height h=tan(90 –180/n) x (1000/2n) and the area of triangle is    ½ 1000/n x tan(90 –180/n) x (1000/2n). We need to multiply the number of sides which gives Area=500 x tan(90 –180/n) x 500/n. Using this formula we calculate areas for a n sided polygon as n increases. The results are shown in the table below. Number of sides Side length Area 5 200 68819.1 6 166.7 72168.8 7 142.9 74161.5 8 125 75444.2 9 111.1 76318.8 10 100 76942.1 11 90.1 77401.9 15 66 78410.5 30 33.3 79286.4 1000 1 79577.2 It is clear that as the number of sides increases so does the area. But as the number of sides increases we get closer and closer to the shape of a circle which can be thought of as the an infinitely sided polygon. Thus the shape with the largest area is the ciscle. What is the area of a circle with perimeter of 1000m? 2x Pi x radius=1000 so radius=159.2. From the formula for the area of a circle, Pi x r^2, we get the area 79622.53 The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002: Overview and Impact The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002: Overview and Impact Sarbanes Oxley Companies Abstract The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 was passed on July 30, 2002 and only the public companies are now feeling its impact. This act frequently called the â€Å"most significant accounting or auditing legislation since the securities exchange Act of 1934†. After the implementation it has established its demands to the companies for proper management and disclosure of risk. Nortel networks is a giant corporate in telecom industry and as it is expected they also have faced the challenges come from the SOX act. Some of them are in favor and some are against the Nortel. ‘SOX’ has manipulated a larger impact on Nortel internal employee and external customers as well as their financial statement. The outcome of the Nortel is clearly different from before implementing the SOX. This paper is to develop a deeper understanding of the SOX, how it governs the public corporate, financial disclosure and practice of public accounting in general sense. Besides this it will focus on the outcomes of Nortel network after implementation of SOX and its financial statement. Introduction There have been found a number of corporate financial scandals (e.g. Tyco International) that provides various type of weakness in the governance and auditing practice in the organization. It represents the failures in controlling the reliability and integrity to the stock markets. The scandals cost billions of dollars for the investors when the affected companies were collapsed. As a result, these scandals make upset the public confidence in the nation’s security markets. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act was passed in positive response by the American congress on July 30, 2002 in response to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals and these scandals in result of decreasing the investors or shareholders confident on investing on the share market. To restore their confident, a new regulation from SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) is implemented. The act was granted by a vote of 423-3 by the House and by the Senate 99-0. So, it can be said that the act had not to face approving challenges. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act gives the government a strong control. This act is commonly known as Sox or Sarbox act and it consist of eleven titles. Each title contains different sections and setting from further corporate board tasks to criminal penalties. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act was named after senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley. President George W. Bush signed it into law, stating it included, â€Å"the most far reaching reforms of American business practice since the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt†. The established legislation is applicable for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. This new legislation is an enhancement to standardize the process for all US public companies; the companies will become more transparent on company board, Management and public accounting firms. For example, the Tyco International case reduced the confidence and shocked the investors in the listed companies in the share market and the liable reporting authorities. So, the purpose of the act was to recover the confidence and make tight the government rules and regulations on the companies to keep them under control. The consistent financial reporting process is ensured by this act. Consequently, the reliability to the public in accordance with disclosure is increased. The telecom professionals found themselves under the force to fulfill the regulation within a short time. By doing this they can keep away from any criminal accusations. The most important provisions of  the  Sarbanes–Oxley Act include: Accelerated reporting of trades by insiders Public reporting of CEO and CFO compensation and profits. Auditor independence and a prohibition on audit firms offering value-added services. Companies are now required to have an internal audit function, which must be certified by external auditors Certification of financial reports by CEOs and CFOs. This paper presents a real understanding on the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and its impact on the telecom industry. It also provides the controls adopted by the authority to maximize the financial reporting process. Besides these, it would give a clear idea that will act as a guideline on what possible interface control may need to implement to the telecom governance and accounting process. Literature review From a number of financial scandals the act Sarbanes Oxley has been evolved. This act provides some important and practical provisions for the public companies. There are eleven titles under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 and these are: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), Auditor independence, Corporate responsibility, Enhanced financial disclosures, Analyst conflicts of interest, Commissions resources and authority, Studies and reports, Corporate and criminal fraud accountability, White collar crime penalty enhancement, Corporate tax returns, Corporate fraud accountability. All these titles provide fifty seven sections overall. The public accounting, public corporate or financial disclosure, all these are the boundary of Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The impact of Sarbanes Oxley 2002 on the Nortel networks in the telecom industry in regarding to its internal employee and external customer. Moreover, the outcomes of the Nortel telecom after the implementation of Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Some implied recommendations from this act and also some limitations of different sections. An overview of SOX act Public company accounting oversight board (PCAOB) Title one has nine section and it establishes public company accounting oversight board. This public company accounting oversight board is to provide independent oversight of public accounting firms providing audit services. It also deals with the auditors registering, defining the specific process, subject to the securities laws, and related matters. It is to ensure the public confidence in the preparation of informative, accurate and independent audit reports. The board will be termed as a body corporate, operated as a nonprofit organization. Auditor independence Title two also consists of nine sections and it establishes the independence of the auditors. This act provides a standard for the external auditors which limit the conflicts of interest. Furthermore, it also refers the approval requirements for the new auditors. Partner rotation policy, conflict interest issues, auditor reporting programs are in this boundary. According to the section 201, it is not approved to do other kind of business for the auditing companies, which are apart from with the same clients. Corporate responsibility Title three consists of eight sections and it emphasizes on the responsibility of the senior executives. The senior executives will be responsible for the accuracy and validity of corporate financial reports. It also establishes the responsibility by the corporate officers about the accuracy and completeness of the corporate financial reports. Besides this, the interaction between external auditors and corporate audit committees has been specified through this act. There would be no improper manipulation on conduct of audits. Forfeiture of certain bonuses and profits, officer and director bars and penalties, insider trades during pension funds blackout periods, fair funds for investors, all these will be treated as the corporate responsibility. For example, according to the section 302, it is implied that the company should be responsible for approving the integrity of their company financial reports. Enhanced financial disclosures There are nine sections in the title four and it mandates the requirements for financial transactions, such as off balance transaction. In addition, pro-forma figures and stock transactions of corporate officers are described under this act. The accuracy and validity of financial reports and disclosures is dependent on the internal controls to be ensured. There is the possibility of material change in financial condition. It enhanced conflict of interest provisions of personal loans to executives. This act provides the disclosures of transactions involving management and principal stockholders. Management assessment of internal controls, exemption, code of ethics for senior financial officers, disclosure of audit committee financial expert, enhanced review of periodic disclosures by issuers, real time issuer disclosures are the section included in this title. Analyst conflicts of interest This title consist only one section and it emphasizes on to restore the confidence of the investors in the reporting of securities analyst. This title defines the code of conduct that is applicable for the securities analyst and it emphasis the disclosure of knowable conflict of interest. Commissions resources and authority This title six consists of four sections and provides practices to recover the confidence in securities analysts. It also defines the authority of Security Exchange Commission to censure or bar securities professionals from practice. It also provides the information about which person can and cannot be barred from practicing as a broker, advisor or dealer. Studies and reports Title seven consists of five sections and enhances the conducting research to prevent the violence that may occur by the SEC registrants and auditors. Effects of consolidation of public accounting firms or role of credit rating agencies in the operation of securities market or securities violations and enforcement actions, and whether investment banks assisted and others to influence earnings and obfuscate of true financial condition are the boundary of this title. Corporate and criminal fraud accountability Title eight ‘corporate and criminal fraud accountability’ consists of seven sections and it is referred to as the â€Å"corporate and criminal fraud act of 2002†. Specific criminal penalties for fraud manipulation and destruction or alteration of financial records or other interference with investigation all these are provided by this act. White collar crime penalty enhancement Title nine â€Å"white collar crime penalty enhancement† consist of two sections and this section is also known as â€Å"white collar crime penalty enhancement act of 2002†. This section of title nine defines the criminal penalties that associated with white collar crimes and conspiracies. It provides the more reliable guidelines and specially adds failure to certify corporate financial reports as a criminal offense. Corporate tax returns Title ten â€Å"corporate tax returns† consists of only one section which states that the chief executive officer should sign the company tax return. Corporate fraud accountability Title eleven â€Å"corporate fraud accountability† consists of sevens sections. According to the section 1101 it has been recommended that this title can be named as â€Å"corporate fraud accountability act of 2002†. This act is to find out the corporate fraud and records which could temper the criminal offenses. It identifies these offenses and joins those offenses to specific penalties. This not only provides this description but also revises sentencing guidelines and strengthens their penalties. Conceptual framework of this study This paper conducts a study about the impact of SOX act on the telecom company. The Sarbanes Oxley 2002 act is to present a detailed report on a company’s internal controls over the SEC. in addition, the overall review of SOX in a short way to understand deeply is the framework of this study. It would be difficult to get the right information from the respondents. The respondents may be unaware about the significance of the survey. Besides this, complexity in data collecting system may hamper the study paper. Multifaceted questions and difficult language is an obstacle to get the proper records. So, easy and understandable language will be used. Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2002 and the practice of public accounting According to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2002 all public accounting firms who wish to provide auditing function for the purpose of publicity traded companies need to register with the board. This act provides the scope of audit practice and reports, details investigation and defines conflict-of-interest prohibition. The SOX itself has changed or affect the practice of public accounting system of Nortel. Nortel believes that all adjustment is necessary for presenting a fair financial statement. It expected to everyone that the practice of public accounting will be fair in a manner. Before the Sarbanes–Oxley Act passage, the firms did not have to usually disclose stock-opinion grants to the Security and Exchange Commission unless the close of the business year. The firms had to disclose the stock-opinion within two business days after issuance. Sarbanes–Oxley Act has become now a law. Accounting, financial reporting and tracking of sales activities all these are affected by this act. Sarbanes Oxley is to be said as a mandatory which is applicable for all listed companies in the U.S. whether foreign or not and compliance is not an option. In case of Nortel the effects of SOX has begun. Like much of the business community, the public financial report is very crucial to present in a systematic way. The growing number of restatement and so many other certain public accounting practices which shake the public confidence in the financial reporting system has been seen for a long time. Although it is difficult to measure the effect of accounting issues on the investor confidence, various efforts to find out investor confidence have been made. For example, a survey based index provides the public opinion in regarding to the accounting practice. Public cite public accounting practice as a difficult and complex issue, which has negative impact on the stock market. Some surveys indicate that after implementation of Sarbanes–Oxley Act in July 2002. â€Å"Other sources such as empirical research studies and academic experts generally suggest accounting issues have negatively affected overall investor confidence and raised questions about the integrity of U.S. markets†. (GAO October, 2002). According to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2002 in the audit committee at least one member would be financially literate. The audit committee consists of minimum three members. However, SOX puts a strong emphasis on audit committee function with respect to the company’s relation with an external auditor. As a result the audit committee of each issuer becomes directly responsible appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any registered public accounting company employed by that issuer. (Didenko Pavel) At first Sarbanes–Oxley Act creates a nonprofit corporation that is â€Å"public company accounting oversight board† or PCAOB. Its â€Å"five SEC-appointed members (of whom two will be CPAs), financed by new public company fees, will register, inspect and discipline public accounting firms, including foreign firms in certain cases, as well as establish and enforce auditing, quality control, and independence standards.†(McTamaney, Aug 9 2002). Because of the new Sarbanes–Oxley Act the audit firm itself now will turn around its guide audit partner every five years. Hence, the sec 103 of the Sarbanes Oxley enhances public accounting firms to prepare, maintain and continue a period of time which is not less than 7 years. Section 104 allows the advisory board to maintain and review all audit papers for a period of 5 years from the end of the fiscal period. The section 105 of SOX provides the authorization to the oversight board to perform a wide investigation of auditing firms. Besides the auditing firms associated persons are to be conducted through broad investigation and the act authorizes the board to â€Å"require the production of audit work papers and any other document or information in the possession of a registered public accounting firm or any associated person thereof.† (Patzakis John, 2003). Accounting did not cause the recent corporate scandals such as Enron and WorldCom. Unreliable financial statements were the results of management decisions, fraudulent or otherwise. To blame management’s misdeeds on fraudulent financial statements casts accountants as the scapegoats and misses the real issue. Reliable financial reports rely to a certain extent on effective internal controls, but effective internal controls rely to a large extent on a reliable management system coupled with strong corporate governance. (A management system is a process of planning, executing, and control for all business processes in an organization.)